The brain is not single-minded about inflectional morphology: A response to the commentaries

Jaeger is supportive of our experiment and the claims we make, arguing that the weight of current evidence shows the brain making a distinction between regular and irregular inflectional morphology. Seidenberg & Arnoldussen are unsupportive, criticizing our work on theoretical and methodological grounds. Seidenberg & Arnoldussen’s major worries—that we have misunderstood connectionist theory’s predictions and have committed a “Difficulty Matching Error” in testing them—are important to consider but turn out to be groundless. At bottom, Seidenberg & Arnoldussen fail to recognize the consequences of our choice of German words, rather than English, as stimuli. Once the concept of “difficulty” is given substance in this context, it appears that in German, the brain activates more extensively when dealing with what in the connectionist universe should be, if anything, the easier stimuli, not the harder ones as suggested by Seidenberg & Arnoldussen. Thus regularity cannot be reduced to difficulty.     

由明成祖拒纳“祥瑞”所引起的几点思考

所谓“祥瑞”,就是吉祥的征兆。在古代社会里“祥瑞”往往和一些罕见的自然现象(如天降甘露,野蚕结茧等)联系在一起。在上古时期,这主要是因为科学不发达,先民们对于自然界的认知有限。到了西汉时期,董仲舒为了适应“大一统”的政治需要,对传统的儒家学说进行了进一步的发展,提出了“天人感应”学说,把这种自然现象赋予了神秘主义色彩。他认为皇帝的权力是上天所授,如果皇帝英明,治理国家有方,那么上天就会降下“祥瑞”以示嘉奖;反之,则会降下灾异以示警告。到了东汉,谶纬之学兴盛,这就为“祥瑞”的大量出现提供了理论上的依据。历史上有好…     

数困儿童在内源和外源注意条件下数字比较的眼动研究

运用内源和外源注意导向实验范式对三、六年级44名数学学习困难儿童和正常儿童的数字比较进行了眼动研究。结果表明:眼动指标的年级差异和组间差异显著,表现为低年级和数困组的注视时间更长、注视点数更多、瞳孔直径更大;正常组受内源性和外源性注意导向影响明显;各组被试均表现出显著的十位数距离效应和个位数距离效应;SNARC效应明显。实验结果支持数字比较的整体加工模型。     

重估测谎决策的Bayes推断试验

谎与非谎的情绪反应没有独立的客观标准,以Polygrapy构成技术的测谎缺乏稳定的效度。本研究尝试运用Bayes方法分析一项实测案例,计算两名被试的低显性测谎反应结果,使准确判决有谎的概率由机会水平50％分别调整到可明确分辩的74％和49％,从决策分析角度为改良测谎程序和提高测谎效率提供了一种新的操作思路。     

The Logic of Feeling

The contribution of the feelings‐as‐information hypothesis to our understanding of the role of affect in judgment and decision making is discussed. Basic principles and regularities in how affective feelings guide judgments and decisions are then identified. Based on these principles and regularities, it is argued that the role of feelings in judgment and decision making may be more adaptive than has been assumed in most academic circles. This adaptivity transpires (a) in the variety of goal‐relevant signals that feelings convey, (b) the flexibility with which feelings are interpreted, (c) the judgmental properties of feelings, and (d) the selectivity with which feelings are invoked. It is speculated that affective feelings may tap into a separate system of judgment and decision making with its unique strengths and weaknesses.     

顿悟认知机制的研究述评与理论构想

顿悟是创造性思维的主要形式,它一直以来都是心理学家感兴趣的研究课题。该文对有关顿悟认知机制的现象学描述作了介绍,比较了表征转变与进程监控两种认知观点,探讨了初级加工与顿悟认知机制间的关系。初步提出了顿悟问题解决中原型激活及其启发信息质量的理论假说,对未来研究做出了设想,以期能最终揭示出顿悟的内部发生机制。     

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and executive dysfunction among children and adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis

Background/ObjectiveThe current study aimed to examine the relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and executive dysfunction in children and adolescents after psychological trauma.MethodParticipants were 13,438 of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. PTSD and dysexecutive symptoms were assessed using the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for Children and the Self-Report Dysexecutive Questionnaire. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted using Mplus version 7.4. Subgroup differences in trauma exposure and quality of life were calculated using ANCOVA.ResultsA 4-class parallel model was found to best describe latent PTSD symptom profiles and executive dysfunction. Individuals in higher symptom groups showed more trauma exposure and lower quality of life.ConclusionsThis LPA study shed light on the relationship between PTSD and executive dysfunction symptoms in children and adolescents. The correlation between PTSD and executive dysfunction was maintained after individual differences were taken into consideration. Our findings provide a new view on how PTSD relates to executive dysfunction and several suggestions for treating child and adolescent PTSD patients.     

习得无助理论模型的演变与争议

习得无助理论是由美国心理学家马丁．塞里格曼于上世纪60年代提出、而后在美国以至全世界引起广泛研究热潮的一种心理学理论,围绕着习得无助产生的机制及实验操作中的关键变量,形成了许多有价值的理论模型。该研究介绍了这些理论模型的起源、发展与演变．以及无助现象对人们的认知、情绪和动机造成的损害,为我们在临床上诊断和治疗抑郁提供了一个新的视角,同时为预测和矫治学生的习得无肋感提供了方法上的借鉴。