An application of the matching law to social dynamics

Using a procedure similar to the one described by Conger and Killeen (1974), we evaluated levels of attending for 25 college students who participated in either a 20-min (n = 12) or 30-min (n = 13) discussion on juvenile delinquency. Confederates delivered statements of agreement (e.g., "I agree with that point") according to independent variable-interval schedules. Pooled results were evaluated using three generalized formulations of the matching law, and showed that matching was more likely during the first 5 min of the discussion than during the last 5 min. Individual data for 7 of 9 participants were better described by the generalized response-rate matching equation than by the generalized time-allocation matching equation when response allocation was characterized in terms of frequency rather than duration.     

Determination of Dyadic Adjustment,Happiness and Related Factors in Married Turkish Women Living in Anatolia

Journal of Religion and Health - Nowadays, divorce rate increases rapidly; therefore evaluation, of dyadic adjustment and happiness at marriage gains importance. In the study, 910 women were...     

李土生网上护巫消极文化太猖狂

“博客中国”“李土生专栏”发表一篇文章,称《何祚庥之流就是美国反华势力的帮凶》,公然在网络上诋毁科学,为迷信巫术作辩护,煞是猖狂。这篇文章的影响能有多坏,我不好估计。明眼人一见文章中的那些夸张不实之辞,也就未必以为然。但网络是一个开放的空间,不明就里者多得是,假如真有人受了盅惑,变得仇视科学、神往巫术起来,就不是小事情了。我见到这篇混文时它才存在36个小时,却有了3649次点击,可谓观者甚众。这样,有人受到蛊惑怕是在所难免了。因此想说几句。李土生的文章从中国科学受到反华势力的遏制为起点,煽动读者的爱国之情,然后笔锋…     

Acoustic and perceptual categories of vocal elements in the warble song of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

The warble songs of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) are composed of a number of complex, variable acoustic elements that are sung by male birds in intimate courtship contexts for periods lasting up to several minutes. If these variable acoustic elements can be assigned to distinct acoustic-perceptual categories, it provides the opportunity to explore whether birds are perceptually sensitive to the proportion or sequential combination of warble elements belonging to different categories. By the inspection of spectrograms and by listening to recordings, humans assigned the acoustic elements in budgerigar warble from several birds to eight broad, overlapping categories. A neural-network program was developed and trained on these warble elements to simulate human categorization. The classification reliability between human raters and between human raters and the neural network classifier was better than 80% both within and across birds. Using operant conditioning and a psychophysical task, budgerigars were tested on large sets of these elements from different acoustic categories and different individuals. The birds consistently showed high discriminability for pairs of warble elements drawn from between acoustic categories and low discriminability for pairs drawn from within acoustic categories. With warble elements reliably assigned to different acoustic categories by humans and birds, it affords the opportunity to ask questions about the ordering of elements in natural warble streams and the perceptual significance of this ordering.     

英语阅读问题解决的认知诊断

本研究尝试将认知诊断技术应用于中学生英语阅读问题解决(ERPS),以实现对中学生英语阅读问题解决的认知诊断,探讨中学生英语阅读问题解决的认知发展特点及其所存在的问题,为中学生的相关认知发展和知识获取服务。研究发现:(1)基于文本表征和反应决策两个加工过程中的七个认知属性是影响中学生ERPS的主要认知成分(R2=0.792);(2)中学生对于文本表征加工过程所涉及的属性的掌握情况优于反应决策加工过程所涉及的属性,学生所面临的主要困主要难于在反应决策加工阶段;(3)对不同属性掌握情况上存在显著的学校类型差异。(4)学生认知掌握状态的类型主要集中在15种(占73%),最多的三种为(1111011)、(1111110)和(1111101)(占34%)。总体来说,学生的属性掌握还是比较好的。相对地,对推理、信息匹配和正确选项的加工水平三个属性掌握较差,应引起重视。     

HO-DINA模型的MCMC参数估计及模型性能研究

认知诊断目前在国内外越来越受到重视,而要真正实现认知诊断,需借助一定的计量学模型即认知诊断模型。国际上,目前已开发近60种认知诊断模型,不同模型又各具特点。本研究重点分析国外研究较成熟的模型--HO-DINA/DINA模型,具体探讨该模型参数估计的实现及模型性能,采用Monte Carlo模拟方法进行,研究发现：(1)本研究对项目参数、属性参数和被试参数估计返真性较好、稳健性较强、HO-DINA模型具有较高的判断率,MCMC算法可行;（2）诊断的属性个数越多,诊断的模式正确率越低,建议实际使用该模型时,诊断的属性个数不宜超过7个;（3）用于诊断的项目数越多,诊断的模式正确率越高,在实际工作中,若要保证有80%以上的模式判准率,则4个属性的至少需20题,5个、6个和7个属性的至少需要40题,8个属性至少需60题。实际运用者应根据实际情况考虑适当的项目数及属性数。     

一种新的等值准则及其适用范围的探讨

受假设检验方法的启发,该文引出了一种基于项目反应理论的新等值方法——平方根等值准则。它具有一些特点：定义式中答对、答错概率同时出现而不能互相替代;极易从0—1评分模式的版本转换到多级评分版本;它可以看成是Haebara等值准则的加权形式。以等值系数估计值的误差大小为衡量标准,以Wilcoxon符号秩检验为依据,大量的Monte Carlo模拟结果显示了一种有趣的现象,即等值方法的运用范围既与项目参数估计精度有关,又与等值系数A的范围有关,但与另一个等值系数B的范围无关。当项目参数估计精度较高或中等而A取值在0.9～1.3之间,新方法往往比Stocking_Lord方法和Haebara方法的估计误差小且有显著性差异,当项目参数估计精度较低时,而A从1.0～2.0时新方法都有优越性。     

现代测量理论下四大认知诊断模型述评

该文介绍并比较了现代测量理论下四大认知诊断模型的思想方法、模型结构及各自的特点性能等。LLTM是一个较早的认知诊断模型,它实现了认知与测量的结合;规则空间模型实现了对认知结构的诊断,并创造性地提出了Q矩阵理论;统一模型与融合模型是同一类模型：两者均沿用了规则空间模型的Q矩阵方法,但克服了规则空间模型中的一些不足;融合模型被认为是二十一世纪初创立的一个很成功的认知诊断模型。     

科学无神论在社会主义核心价值中的地位和作用

社会主义核心价值的基本内容包括富强、民主、文明、和谐、无神论思想包含在这些内容之中并起到重要作用。国强民富离不开科学技术,无神论是科学技术的理论前提和方法论起点;民主而不是神主。以人为本而不是以神为本,是无神论思想的根本体现;无神论是最初的也是最基本的文明成果;一个无神论基础上的社会和谐是真实而长久的和谐。     

Involvement of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory: interaction with the basolateral amygdala

Previous findings suggest that the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) is involved in memory for emotionally arousing training. There is also extensive evidence that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates the consolidation of emotional arousing training experiences via interactions with other brain regions. The present experiments examined the effects of posttraining intra-rACC infusions of the cholinergic agonist oxotremorine (OXO) on inhibitory avoidance (IA) retention and investigated whether the BLA and rACC interact in enabling OXO effects on memory. In the first experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with bilateral cannulae above the rACC and given immediate posttraining OXO infusions. OXO (0.5 or 3 ng) induced significant enhancement of retention performance on a 48-h test. In the second experiment, unilateral posttraining OXO infusions (0.5, 3.0 or 10 ng) enhanced retention when infused into rACC, but not caudal ACC, consistent with previous evidence that ACC is composed of functionally distinct regions. A third experiment investigated the effects of posttraining intra-rACC OXO infusions (0.5 or 10 ng) in rats with bilateral sham or NMDA-induced lesions of the BLA. The BLA lesions did not impair IA retention, but blocked the enhancement induced by posttraining intra-rACC OXO infusions. Lastly, unilateral NMDA lesions of rACC blocked the enhancement of IA retention induced by posttraining ipsilateral OXO infusions into the BLA. These findings support the hypothesis that the rACC is involved in modulating the storage of emotional events and provide additional evidence that the BLA modulates memory consolidation through interactions with efferent brain regions, including the cortex.