Resilience in the Face of Maternal Psychopathology and Adverse Life Events

Maternal psychopathology has long been recognized as a risk factor for psychopathology in offspring; however, some resilient youth achieve a favorable outcome in the presence of maternal psychopathology. We identified factors that predicted resilience among youth who were exposed to adverse life events, and also examined whether the same factors protected youth against maternal psychopathology and adverse life events. Main and interaction effects of child and family factors were examined employing cross-sectional data from a household probability sample of 1285 youth aged 9 through 17 collected at four sites. On average, children exhibited a greater degree of resilience when they had higher IQ, closer parental monitoring, better family functioning, higher educational aspiration, and were female. Interaction between maternal psychopathology and IQ was significant, and there was a trend between maternal psychopathology and gender. A higher IQ is a protective factor against both maternal psychopathology and adverse life events; whereas being a girl seems to be a protective factor against maternal psychopathology, but not adverse life events.     

年龄、焦虑与情节记忆之内容与来源的关系

将情节记忆区分为内容记忆和来源记忆,筛选年老和年轻的高、低特质焦虑者完成记忆任务,以探讨情节记忆年老化的选择性和变异性及其与焦虑之间的联系。两项实验结果表明来源记忆是否随增龄而有选择性受损受来源性质影响,与来源呈现方式和来源识记意识性无关。焦虑干扰了老年组的记忆操作,是老年人情节记忆存在个体差异的原因之一;但焦虑对青年组没有不利影响,提示焦虑调节两类记忆的年龄差异。     

Association of polymorphisms in BDNF, MTHFR, and genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway with memory in a healthy Chinese population

The contribution of genetic factors to the memory is widely acknowledged. Research suggests that these factors include genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway, as well as the genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The activity of the products of these genes is affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes. This study investigates the association between memory and SNPs in genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway, as well as in the BDNF and MTHFR genes, in a sample of healthy individuals. The sample includes 134 Taiwanese undergraduate volunteers of similar cognitive ability. The Chinese versions of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) were employed. Our findings indicate that the BDNF Met66Val polymorphism and dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) Ser9Gly polymorphism are associated significantly with long-term auditory memory. Further analysis detects no significant associations in the other polymorphisms and indices. Future replicated studies with larger sample sizes, and studies that consider different ethnic groups, are encouraged.     

Reducing STD/HIV Stigmatizing Attitudes Through Community Popular Opinion Leaders in Chinese Markets

Reducing STDs and HIV/AIDS incidence requires campaigns designed to change knowledge, attitudes, and practices of risky sexual behavior. In China, a significant obstacle to such changes is the stigma associated with these diseases. Thus 1 campaign intervention strategy is to train credible community leaders to discuss these issues in everyday social venues. This study tested the effectiveness of such an approach on reducing HIV/AIDS stigma, across 2 years, from a sample of over 4,500 market vendors, in 3 conditions. Results showed an increasing growth in market communication about intervention messages, and concomitant declines in stigmatizing attitudes, across time, with the greatest changes in community popular opinion leaders, significant changes in intervention nonopinion leaders, and little change in the control markets.     

结构紧密与不紧密的汉语口语习语的理解

采用跨通道启动范式,通过两个实验探讨句子中熟悉的不可预测的汉语口语习语的理解.结果发现:在结构紧密习语中,既有比喻意义又有字面意义习语的理解比只有比喻意义习语的理解慢;而在结构不紧密口语习语中,习语理解更多地受习语结构和目标词呈现位置影响;结构紧密和结构不紧密口语习语的理解均在习语后.口语习语的理解是一个构造过程.     

量子信息哲学正在兴起

一方面,量子信息概念与量子力学有关。自20世纪20年代建立量子力学矩阵力学和波动力学,在近一个世纪的探索中,量子力学取得了巨大成功,但是,对量子力学的理解仍然存在重大分歧。1935年,爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森(EPR)在《物理评论》发表了《能认为量子力学对物理实在的描述是完备的吗》一文,引发了对量子力学基本问题的论争,特别是EPR佯谬成为令人困惑的重大问题。1964年,贝尔提出了贝尔不等式。20世纪70年代以来,一连串的物理实验开始检验贝尔不等式,并开始检验EPR佯谬本身。另一方面,量子信息概念与计算机技术的发展有关。按照莫尔…     

DGAVP易化记忆巩固过程与脑内蛋白质合成关系的探讨

本实验研究了脱甘氨酰胺精氨酸加压素(DGAVP)易化记忆巩固过程的作用,证明DGAVP能够防止蛋白质合成抑制剂茴香霉素(ANI)对记忆的破坏作用,并从突触体水平上探讨了DGAVP的作用与蛋白质合成的关系。 实验结果表明:(1)在复杂迷宫趋食反应中,DGAVP能够增强小鼠对觅食路径的记忆。(2)ANI破坏小鼠的记忆,而预先给予DGAVP则能防止ANI的破坏作用;在一次性被动回避反应中ANI和DGAVP的作用与迷宫实验的结果一致。(3)ANI抑制究触体对蛋白质合成前体亮氨酸的摄取,作用非常显著。DGAVP能够改善ANI的抑制效应,体外和体内的实验结果完全一致。实验结果提示DGAVP的作用机制与蛋白质合成有一定关系。     

视觉显示终端屏面亮度水平和对比度对视疲劳的影响

本实验研究了VDT不同屏面亮度与对比度对视疲劳的影响。实验中采用远近视点的眼肌调节时间变化率作指标,对VDT作业的不同时段进行视疲劳测定。屏面亮度取20、30、40Cd/m~2三种水平,对比度取3:1至15:1,分成七等。实验结果表明,在本实验所取的屏面亮度范围内:(1)9:1～11:1对比度所引起的视疲劳最轻,对比度愈趋近高低两端所引起的视疲劳愈深;(2)不同水平的屏面亮度对视疲劳有不同程度的影响。对比度小于7:1时,高亮屏所引起的视疲劳程度比低亮屏的轻;对比度大于7:1时,高亮屏比低亮屏更易引起疲劳。     

新疆维吾尔、哈萨克、回族519名男青年试用EPQ问卷的初步报告

本文报告以维吾尔(简称维)、哈萨克(简称哈)、汉语EPQ问卷对新疆维、哈、回族519名16～29岁男青年的测查结果。表明EPQ各量表间相关情况和总趋势与英国、龚氏常模相似,P量表分均为最低;L量表分与龚氏常模一样均为最高。维、哈族个性特征显著外倾,尤以哈族突出。提出民族的历史发展、社会文化传统、劳动生活方式等因素是形成维、哈族个性特征的基础,认为龚氏常模及其划界分需进一步修订和完善。     

成年人词语流畅性的年龄差异和词语记忆

本文以自觉健康的青年、中年和老年人78例为被试,研究了成年人口语、阅读和书写流畅性的年龄差异及其和词语记忆的关系。结果:1.大多数词语流畅能力以及词语记忆均为中年以后衰退,Stroop测验的读色字及读字色作业则中年即开始减退。2.除年龄因素外,词语流畅性还受被试者文化程度和测验内容的影响,同时还表现有文化因素或测验和年龄的交互作用。文化程度越低,测验难度越大,年龄差异越显著。3.词语流畅性和词语记忆有显著相关。这可能是由于两者都有较多的记忆和注意过程的参与。4.在两项颜色命名测验及说同类词作业中都见到女性优于男性的现象。