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71.
When two targets (T1 and T2) are presented in rapid succession, identification of T2 is often impaired (attentional blink: AB). The two-stage model accounts for the AB deficit by assuming that: (a) T2 is delayed in Stage 1 while Stage 2 is busy
processing T1, and (b) T2 is vulnerable to masking while delayed. We report converging evidence for the model by evaluating
these assumptions independently of the AB deficit itself. The results show that: (a) response times for T2 identification
decreased as the lag between T1 and T2 was increased; (b) response times for T2 decreased across lags only if T1 was masked;
and (c) accuracy of T2 identification increased as the stimulus-onset asynchrony between T2 and the trailing mask was increased.
Received: 4 February 1999 / Accepted: 26 July 1999 相似文献
72.
Rapid serial visual distraction: task-irrelevant items can produce an attentional blink 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
When two sequential targets (T1 and T2) are presented within about 600 msec, perception of the second target is impaired. This attentional blink (AB) has been studied by means of two paradigms: rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), in which targets are embedded in a stream of central distractors, and the two-target paradigm, in which targets are presented eccentrically without distractors. We examined the role of distractors in the AB, using a modified two-target paradigm with a central stream of task-irrelevant distractors. In six experiments, the RSVP stream of distractors substantially impaired identification of both T1 and T2, but only when the distractors shared common characteristics with the targets. Without such commonalities, the distractors had no effect on performance. This points to the subjects' attentional control setting as an important factor in the AB deficit and suggests a conceptual link between the AB and a form of nonspatial contingent capture attributable to distractor processing. 相似文献
73.
Joshua B. Plavnick Julie L. Thompson Carol Sue Englert Troy Mariage Katie Johnson 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2016,25(3):357-378
Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) require instructional programs that simultaneously address academic content, interfering behavior, and potential gaps in prerequisite skills for a given curriculum. This study examined the impact of an intervention package consisting of contingent reinforcement and match-to-sample training on the independent progression of 3 children with ASD through Headsprout® Early Reading (HER), a behavior analytic online reading program. A multiple probe across participants design was used to examine the effects of the intervention package on participants’ correct interactions per minute and total episodes completed. Transfer of training to oral reading of companion print books was also assessed. All participants demonstrated an increase in correct interactions per minute. Two participants learned to independently complete a HER episode each day and could orally read companion print books. The results suggest individualized behavior analytic programs can support the use of HER as a computer-based reading program for some children with ASD. 相似文献
74.
Outcome data has shown that family therapy is highly effective in the treatment of many disorders including addiction, mood, and other issues. In working to make treatment as effective as possible, many residential treatment and outdoor behavioral healthcare (OBH) programs have adopted family therapy techniques for use in individual and peer group therapy settings. Some have also incorporated family members by inviting them to visit the residential setting and participate in treatment exercises. An article by Faddis and Bettmann (J Ther Sch Program 1(1): 57–69, 2006) outlines an example of this integrated approach to family sculptures and reflecting teams in a wilderness therapy setting for adolescents. This integrated technique has since come to be known as the four phase Familial Sculpting and Reflecting intervention. Most recently these methods have been expanded for use with young men ages 18–30 in an adventure wilderness therapy program. This article will examine the theoretical basis for both of these approaches, discuss the application of these techniques to residential OBH programs and review how these methods have been most recently adapted for use in another program. 相似文献
75.
Troy A. Festervand R. Bryan Kethley Bennie D. Waller 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2001,10(4):219-228
The marketing of industrial real estate is a resource‐consuming endeavour for all parties involved consisting of many objectives that, in many cases, may be in conflict with one another. One method of minimizing resource requirements, especially time, while increasing the probability of a successful match is to select properties for presentation that maximizes buyer utility. Zionts (1992) indicated one area for future research in multiple criteria decision‐making (MCDM) is in the development of ‘Eclectic Approaches’ using old ideas in a new way to help develop MCDM approaches. In this paper Taguchi loss functions, a procedure commonly used in quality control, is proposed as a tool that can be used by industrial real estate professionals to more efficiently determine the property that most closely matches the buyer's needs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
76.
The authors report a new theory of false memory building upon existing associative memory models and implemented in fSAM, the first fully specified quantitative model of false recall. Participants frequently intrude unstudied critical words while recalling lists comprising their strongest semantic associates but infrequently produce other extralist and prior-list intrusions. The authors developed the theory by simulating recall of such lists, using factorial combinations of semantic mechanisms operating at encoding, retrieval, or both stages. During encoding, unstudied words' associations to list context were strengthened in proportion to their strength of semantic association either to each studied word or to all co-rehearsed words. During retrieval, words received preference in proportion to their strength of semantic association to the most recently recalled single word or multiple words. The authors simulated all intrusion types and veridical recall for lists varying in semantic association strength among studied and critical words from the same and different lists. Multiplicative semantic encoding and retrieval mechanisms performed well in combination. Using such combined mechanisms, the authors also simulated several core findings from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm literature, including developmental patterns, specific list effects, association strength effects, and true-false correlations. These results challenge existing false-memory theories. 相似文献
77.
Although inhibition of return (IOR) is widely believed to aid search by discouraging reexamination of previously inspected
locations, its impact actually appears to decline as the number of target locations increases. We test three possible reasons
for this paradoxical result: (1) IOR is capacity-limited, (2) IOR is sensitive to subtle changes in target location probability,
and (3) IOR decays with distance from a previously attended location. The present investigation provides strong support for
the third explanation, indicating that a gradient of inhibition is centered on previously attended locations. We note that
this inhibitory gradient resolves a paradox in the literature. Moreover, we speculate that the inhibitory gradient may reflect
a “similarity space” within which target locations near to the cue are tagged with inhibition due to their similarity to the
cued location. The farther the target location is away, the less similar it is to the cued location, and thus the less inhibition
it receives. 相似文献
78.
Troy W. Ertelt Joanna M. Marino James E. Mitchell Kathy Lancaster 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(4):213-220
Compulsive buying disorder is a condition characterized by repeated episodes of unnecessary, excessive purchases. These behaviors
are frequently accompanied by negative mood states that are reduced by compulsive buying. Those with compulsive buying disorder
are also observed to have a number of highly comorbid disorders. This clinical presentation creates a complex set of symptoms
of which clinicians must be mindful when approaching the treatment of compulsive buying. The present article examines previous
literature about compulsive buying disorder and outlines the use of an empirically supported cognitive-behavioral approach
to treating compulsive buying. 相似文献
79.
When two targets are embedded in a temporal stream of distractors, second-target identification is initially impaired and
then gradually improves as inter-target interval lengthens (attentional blink; AB). Notably, in about half of the published
studies, this deficit is partially ameliorated when the targets follow one another directly, a condition known as “lag-1 sparing”.
Here, we probe the impact of target-distractor similarity on lag-1 sparing, with the surprising finding that while high similarity
impairs second-target accuracy at all subsequent lags, it actually improves accuracy when the targets follow one another directly.
We suggest that this improvement reflects the positive influence of over-committing resources to target processing in the
AB. 相似文献
80.
- Advertising appeals emphasizing unrealistic body images are increasingly linked to depression, loss of self‐esteem, and unhealthy eating habits. Understanding the motivation of young and vulnerable populations to undergo cosmetic procedures can help modify marketing and public policy practices. Using a multidisciplinary approach, this paper confirms the motivating role of self‐concept discrepancy in young women seeking cosmetic procedures. It also reveals conflicting moderating influences of different types of social support on the relationship between self‐discrepancy and choice of cosmetic procedures. Our findings show that family‐based social support attenuates the effect of perceived actual‐ideal self‐discrepancy on the choice of cosmetic procedures, while social support from friends amplifies this effect. Actual‐ought discrepancy appears to negatively affect the propensity for cosmetic procedures. Discussion of the findings and implications for public policy and marketing managers are presented.