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161.
We examined the performance of a group of people with moderately severe Alzheimer's type dementia on a naming task. We found that functional information plays an important role in determining naming performance on both living and non-living things. Perceptual information may play some role in naming living things. We also found some evidence that the semantic category to which an item belongs may also have some effect on naming performance. We argue that both the sensory-functional and domain-specific knowledge hypotheses may be correct: the brain is to some organized on taxonomic grounds, while the semantic representations of living and non-living things depend differentially on perceptual and functional information. These representations can be differentially disrupted by damage to modality-specific stores. At a moderate level of severity, dementia causes global damage that has the effect of disrupting both the localized taxonomic and the modality-specific stores. We discuss the nature of functional information. 相似文献
162.
Does academic dishonesty relate to unethical behavior in professional practice? An exploratory study
Previous research indicates that students in engineering self-report cheating in college at higher rates than those in most
other disciplines. Prior work also suggests that participation in one deviant behavior is a reasonable predictor of future
deviant behavior. This combination of factors leads to a situation where engineering students who frequently participate in
academic dishonesty are more likely to make unethical decisions in professional practice. To investigate this scenario, we
propose the hypotheses that (1) there are similarities in the decision-making processes used by engineering students when
considering whether or not to participate in academic and professional dishonesty, and (2) prior academic dishonesty by engineering
students is an indicator of future decisions to act dishonestly. Our sample consisted of undergraduate engineering students
from two technically-oriented private universities. As a group, the sample reported working full-time an average of six months
per year as professionals in addition to attending classes during the remaining six months. This combination of both academic
and professional experience provides a sample of students who are experienced in both settings. Responses to open-ended questions
on an exploratory survey indicate that students identify common themes in describing both temptations to cheat or to violate
workplace policies and factors which caused them to hesitate in acting unethically, thus supporting our first hypothesis and
laying the foundation for future surveys having forced-choice responses. As indicated by the responses to forced-choice questions
for the engineering students surveyed, there is a relationship between self-reported rates of cheating in high school and
decisions to cheat in college and to violate workplace policies; supporting our second hypothesis. Thus, this exploratory
study demonstrates connections between decision-making about both academic and professional dishonesty. If better understood,
these connections could lead to practical approaches for encouraging ethical behavior in the academic setting, which might
then influence future ethical decision-making in workplace settings.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting,
New Orleans, 2003. 相似文献
163.
Two studies were performed with young athletes to investigate the utility of three psychological tests regarding the prediction of sport performance: the Profile of Mood States. Ratings of Perceived Exertion, and Dispositional Optimism. In Study 1, young male and female cross-country skiers and ski-marksmen in final preparation for the Junior National Swedish Championships were tested. Measured 5 wk. before both competitions, the higher the optimism (LOT), the better performance. In Study 2, which tested young swimmers in preparation for the Senior National Swedish Championships, competitors who had the highest scores on optimism performed less well during the competitions. The results are interpreted to indicate that optimism presents an important factor for predicting achievement in sports. 相似文献
164.
Raymond Trevor Bradley 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(3):227-275
Laszlo's theory of quantum vacuum interaction describes the evolution of all order in the universe as a result of the interaction between the holofield, a subquantum field of potential energy, and the multi‐level hierarchy of matter and living systems. A review of the scheme reveals two problems which question its application to psycho‐social interaction. One is the use of classical holography (image processing), which is inherently deterministic. The second is Laszlo's view of the brain as a passive processor of information. Both preclude human agency in the generation of psycho‐social organization. An alternative approach is developed here that aims to solve both of these problems. First, I draw on Piaget's work to show how thought and reason, and thus agency, is produced by the logic of cooperative interaction. And second, I use both classical holography and quantum holography (information processing) to develop a nondeterminist account of communication in social collectives. The principles of classical holography are used to describe how purposeful action is imaged and processed; and the principles of quantum holography are used to describe how a stable order of endogenous organization is generated by the processing of information about the interactions among members. By describing how the collective's normative order (the system of shared values, beliefs, and norms) operates to effect the construction and regulation of the collective's communicative structure, I show how indeterminacy is introduced and, hence, the potential for an active human agent in social life. 相似文献
165.
166.
Sarah J. Egan Tom Vinciguerra Trevor G. Mazzucchelli 《Australian journal of psychology》2015,67(1):1-9
Research has suggested that perfectionism, agreeableness, and neuroticism may influence relationship adjustment; however, these personality variables have not been examined in conjunction when considering relationship adjustment. In a sample of 222 university students (95 male, 126 female), the perfectionism dimensions of concern over mistakes and parental criticism were found to be significantly negatively related to dyadic adjustment. Agreeableness and neuroticism were also significantly negatively related to dyadic adjustment, and accounted for significant variance in explaining dyadic adjustment, while perfectionism dimensions did not. The results suggest that while negative aspects of perfectionism, such as concern over mistakes, have an impact on dyadic adjustment, the personality variables of agreeableness and neuroticism have a more salient impact. The implications of these findings for research in interventions for perfectionism and relationship adjustment are discussed. 相似文献
167.
168.
Juleen K. Buser Rachael A. Parkins Trevor J. Buser 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2014,35(2):97-113
The authors interviewed 12 female participants about the intersection of their spiritual beliefs and eating disorder symptoms. Three main themes emerged from the data: (a) spiritual beliefs as helpful, (b) choice not to ask for spiritual help, and (c) guilt. 相似文献
169.