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261.
Pagani LS Japel C Vaillancourt T Côté S Tremblay RE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(1):41-53
Using data from three waves of a large Canadian data set, we examine the relationship between two middle childhood trajectory
variables, family dysfunction and anxiety. We draw upon family systems theory and developmental psychopathology, while attempting
to expand their boundaries by capitalizing on the strengths within both approaches. Our data treatment strategy, guided by
the life course analytical framework, included separate multivariate logits to examine this relationship, with and without
the extent to, which selected explanatory risk variables predicted belonging to the highest family dysfunction trajectory.
We also explored possible interactions between anxiety and explanatory risk variables. Supporting our hypothesis, a prolonged
duration of high doses of family dysfunction was associated with the most extreme developmental trajectories of anxious behavior
during middle childhood for both boys and girls. This relationship prevailed above and beyond the influence of other correlates
of family dysfunction such as marital transition, socioeconomic status, family size, and depressive symptoms experienced by
the informant (mostly mothers).
Specific details regarding the sample, characteristics of measures, and unspecified estimates and their standard errors per
data source are available from the first author in the form of tables and figures. 相似文献
262.
Combining group-based trajectory modeling and propensity score matching for causal inferences in nonexperimental longitudinal data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A central theme of research on human development and psychopathology is whether a therapeutic intervention or a turning-point event, such as a family break-up, alters the trajectory of the behavior under study. This article describes and applies a method for using observational longitudinal data to make more transparent causal inferences about the impact of such events on developmental trajectories. The method combines 2 distinct lines of research: work on the use of finite mixture modeling to analyze developmental trajectories and work on propensity score matching. The propensity scores are used to balance observed covariates and the trajectory groups are used to control pretreatment measures of response. The trajectory groups also aid in characterizing classes of subjects for which no good matches are available. The approach is demonstrated with an analysis of the impact of gang membership on violent delinquency based on data from a large longitudinal study conducted in Montréal, Canada. 相似文献
263.
This article deals with the reasons why IT professionals chose self-employment, as well as advantages and drawbacks of this
form of employment. A growing number of workers in industrialized countries are now self-employed, most notably in the IT
sector. In order to understand this trend better, we carried out a quantitative survey in collaboration with a professional
association of independent IT workers in Quebec (Canada). We examined the different reasons why self-employment is attractive
for IT professionals, the advantages they experience and the disadvantages they point out. While some authors postulate that
self-employment is attractive because it facilitates work–life balance, our results show a strong predominance of the financial
advantages and a weak impact of factors related to work–life balance. We also find high levels of job satisfaction, but the
effects on work–life balance remain indirect. 相似文献
264.
M. Di Ciaccio C. Puppo D. Rojas Castro C. Tremblay L. Cotte G. Pialoux B. Spire J.M. Molina M. Préau 《Pratiques Psychologiques》2019,25(4):367-381
The recent implementation of innovative biomedical preventive approaches to combat the continued high prevalence of HIV among certain populations, has refocused attention on the question of support in the management of treatment adherence. What distinguishes these approaches from classic research on similar themes is that the populations concerned are not HIV positive. The objective of this study was to assess participant and physician satisfaction with medical and community support provided in the ANRS-IPERGAY trial. As part of this trial, individual interviews were conducted with physicians and with HIV-negative participants involved in the trial. Collective interviews and focus groups were also conducted with the participants. A content thematic analysis was performed on the full two corpuses’ data, with the aim of investigating discourse themes regarding the support offered as part of the trial. The discourse analysis of the HIV-negative participants and physicians underlined their satisfaction with many aspects of the medical and community support provided during the trial. The results were interpreted with respect to new forms of patient education necessary for the implementation of the medicalized prevention. 相似文献
265.
Annette Brömdal Amy B. Mullens Tania M. Phillips Jeff Gow 《International Journal of Transgenderism》2019,20(1):4-20
Background: Despite transgender people being more visible in prison systems, research suggests they are at higher risk of experiencing sexual violence compared to other prisoners. Research also suggests that transgender prisoners experience harassment, and physical and sexual assault by fellow prisoners, and prison officers who lack transgender-specific health knowledge. There exist no systematic reviews on the experiences of transgender people in prisons. This review aims to fill this research gap. The following question developed in consultation with transgender, sexual health/HIV and corrective services stakeholders has guided the systematic review: What are transgender and gender-diverse prisoners’ experiences in various prison settings and what are their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs?Methods: The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and searches were conducted in four databases for the period of January 2007 to August 2017. Studies were assessed against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included studies were peer-reviewed, written in English with online full-text availability and reported data on transgender and gender-diverse prisoner experiences relevant to the research question.Results: Eleven studies (nine qualitative, one quantitative, one mixed-methods; nine in USA, two in Australia) met the criteria for review. Four studies were of high quality, six were of good/acceptable quality, and one study was of modest quality. Transgender and gender-diverse prisoners reported a range of challenges which included sexual assault, discrimination, stigma, harassment, and mistreatment. Information on their sexual health and HIV/STIs knowledge, attitudes, practices is in short supply. Also, their lack of access to gender-affirming, sexual health/STIs and mental health services is commonplace.Conclusions: The experiences of transgender prisoners as reported in this review are almost uniformly more difficult than other prisoners. Their “otherness” is used as a weapon against them by fellow prisoners through intimidation and violence (including sexual) and by prison officers through neglect and ignorance. 相似文献
266.
Line Guylaine Tremblay Rashmi Garg Elizabeth Levin 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(2):193-212
In September 2003, Ontario universities accepted a double cohort of new students resulting from the Ontario government’s decision
to eliminate Grade 13. The admission to university of two categories of students distinguished by their age and high school
program raised a number of questions, not only in terms of admission infrastructure but mostly in what concerns the sum of
student retention, academic success, and graduation. Factors associated with success and with the maintenance of university
studies are numerous: stress, socioeconomic status, parents’ education, intellectual capacities, motivation, social abilities,
and social support (Olds & Papalia, 2000). Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to test the hypothesis of a double
cohort effect on student academic success during the first year of university, (2) to verify the hypothesis that high school
academic history, socioeconomic variables related to stress and perceived stress predict academic success and retention at
the end of first year university. In September 2003, 300 first year students answered questionnaires inquiring about their
high school program and high school GPA, their socioeconomic characteristics, and their perceived stress. These measures were
then used to predict drop out, final GPA, number of credits attempted, passed and failed in June 2004. Results showed that
school persistence and first year university academic achievement are mostly predicted by gender, high school GPA, type of
financial resources, and number of hours worked at a paid job. Although not significant, we have found a higher proportion
of Grade 12 students who dropped out during first year at university, suggesting a possible long-term effect of high school
program on academic achievement. 相似文献
267.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) remains a controversial technique, one that has elicited a variety of regulatory responses throughout the world. On March 29, 2005, Canada's Assisted Human Reproduction Act came into force. This law prohibits a number of research activities, including SCNT. Given the pluralistic nature of Canadian society, the creation of this law stands as an interesting case study of the policy-making process and how and why a liberal democracy ends up making the relatively rare decision to use a statutory prohibition, backed by severe penalties, to stop a particular scientific activity. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and systematic legal analysis of the legislative process and parliamentary debates associated with the passage of this law. 相似文献
268.
This research investigated the nature of encoding and its contribution to serial recall for visual-spatial information. In order to do so, we examined the relationship between fixation duration and recall performance. Using the dot task--a series of seven dots spatially distributed on a monitor screen is presented sequentially for immediate recall--performance and eye-tracking data were recorded during the presentation of the to-be-remembered items. When participants were free to move their eyes at their will, both fixation durations and probability of correct recall decreased as a function of serial position. Furthermore, imposing constant durations of fixation across all serial positions had a beneficial impact (though relatively small) on item but not order recall. Great care was taken to isolate the effect of fixation duration from that of presentation duration. Although eye movement at encoding contributes to immediate memory, it is not decisive in shaping serial recall performance. Our results also provide further evidence that the distinction between item and order information, well-established in the verbal domain, extends to visual-spatial information. 相似文献
269.
Dupéré V Lacourse E Willms JD Vitaro F Tremblay RE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):1035-1045
Because youth gangs tend to cluster in disadvantaged neighborhoods, adolescents living in such neighborhoods are more likely
to encounter opportunities to join youth gangs. However, in the face of these opportunities, not all adolescents respond in
the same manner. Those with preexisting psychopathic tendencies might be especially likely to join. In this study, we tested
whether a combination of individual propensity and facilitating neighborhood conditions amplifies the probabilities of youth
gang affiliation. A subset of 3,522 adolescents was selected from a nationally representative, prospective sample of Canadian
youth. Psychopathic tendencies (i.e., a combination of high hyperactivity, low anxiety, and low prosociality as compared to
national norms) were assessed through parent reports, while neighborhood characteristics (i.e., concentrated economic disadvantage
and residential instability) were derived from the 2001 Census of Canada. Our results indicated that neighborhood residential
instability, but not neighborhood concentrated economic disadvantage, interacted with individual propensity to predict youth
gang membership. Adolescents with preexisting psychopathic tendencies appeared especially vulnerable mainly if they were raised
in residentially unstable neighborhoods. 相似文献
270.
Vachon F Tremblay S Jones DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(2):330-347
When two visual targets, Target 1 (T1) and Target 2 (T2), are presented among a rapid sequence of distractors, processing of T1 produces an attentional blink. Typically, processing of T2 is markedly impaired, except when T1 and T2 are adjacent (Lag 1 sparing). However, if a shift of task set--a change in task requirements from T1 to T2--occurs, this sparing is reduced substantially. With a semantic priming technique, in which T1 could be either related or unrelated to T2, the priming of T2 by T1 diminished markedly at Lag 1, when the transition between T1 and T2 involved a switch in either location (Experiments 1 and 2) or task (Experiment 3), but remained unaffected at other lags. These results suggest that perceptual processing of T2 cannot be carried out in parallel with task-set reconfiguration. 相似文献