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111.
Katherine Guérard Ian Neath Aimée M. Surprenant Sébastien Tremblay 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(1):83-91
Several studies have shown that recall performance depends on the extent to which an item differs from other items in a sequence
(the distinctiveness effect; see, e.g., Kelley & Nairne, 2001). Distinctiveness effects, however, have been demonstrated mainly
in the verbal domain. The present study extends distinctiveness effects to the spatial domain. In two experiments, participants
recalled the order in which series of spatially located dots had been presented. Item discriminability was varied within the
sequence by manipulating the duration of the interval inserted between the presentation of the dots (Experiment 1) and the
perceptual characteristics of the stimuli (Experiment 2). The results showed that these manipulations in the spatial domain
produce distinctiveness effects similar to those observed with verbal material (see, e.g., Neath & Crowder, 1990) and suggest
that distinctiveness models of memory should take into account the processing of spatial information. 相似文献
112.
Annie Renouf Mara Brendgen Jean R. Séguin Frank Vitaro Michel Boivin Ginette Dionne Richard E. Tremblay 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1109-1123
This study investigated the relation between theory of mind and reactive and proactive aggression, respectively, as well as
the moderating role of peer victimization in this context. The 574 participants were drawn from a longitudinal study of twins.
Theory of mind was assessed before school entry, when participants were 5 years old. Reactive and proactive aggression as
well as peer victimization were assessed a year later in kindergarten. Results from multilevel regression analyses revealed
that low theory of mind was related to a high level of reactive aggression, but only in children who experienced average to
high levels of peer victimization. In contrast, a high theory of mind was related to a high level of proactive aggression.
Again, this relation was especially pronounced in children who experienced high levels of peer victimization. These findings
challenge the social skills deficit view of aggression and provide support for a multidimensional perspective of aggressive
behavior. 相似文献
113.
Tania M. Lincoln Stephanie Mehl Michael Ziegler Marie-Luise Kesting Cornelia Exner Winfried Rief 《Behavior Therapy》2010,41(2):187-197
The assumption that a low sense of self-worth can give rise to paranoid delusions is relevant from a therapeutic perspective, but research has been inconsistent. The present study sought to investigate how interpersonal self-concepts and global self-worth relate to psychotic and depressive psychopathology in persons with psychosis. Participants with psychosis (n = 83) and healthy controls (n = 33) were assessed for global self-worth, interpersonal self-concepts, and dysfunctional beliefs using the Frankfurt Self-Concept Scale and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale. Symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory, the Paranoia Checklist, and the Beck Depression Inventory. We hypothesized that perceived threat to self-worth, as expressed in dysfunctional acceptance beliefs and negative interpersonal self-concepts, would be uniquely associated with persecutory delusions. In contrast, low global self-worth would be strongly associated with symptoms of depression. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the association between symptoms and self-concepts. As expected, low global self-worth was associated with depression, whereas the more specific perception of not being accepted by relevant others was most clearly related to psychotic symptoms. Almost half of the variance in paranoia scores was explained by negative interpersonal self-concepts and the interaction between negative interpersonal self-concepts and dysfunctional acceptance beliefs. Thus, cognitive interventions for delusions might be improved by focusing more on interpersonal self-concepts. 相似文献
114.
Bekker MJ Cumming TD Osborne NK Bruining AM McClean JI Leland LS 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(2):327-331
This experiment investigated the combined use of visual prompts, daily feedback, and rewards to reduce electricity consumption in a university residential hall. After a 17-day baseline period, the experimental intervention was introduced in the intervention hall, and no change was made in the control hall. Energy usage decreased in the intervention hall, but energy usage did not change appreciably in the control hall. In the intervention hall, mean daytime and nighttime savings were 16.2% and 10.7%, respectively, compared to savings of 3.8% (day) and 6.5% (night) in the control hall. 相似文献
115.
116.
This article reviews the state of knowledge on the development of chronic physical aggression (CPA), with the aim of identifying the most effective prevention strategies. We specifically focus on the early development of physical aggression, on sex differences in the use of physical aggression, and on the transmission of behavior problems from one generation to the other. The body of research on the development of CPA from the past three decades that we review shows increasing evidence that its prevention requires a long-term biopsychosocial developmental approach which also must include an intergenerational perspective. Recent genetic and epigenetic research has indicated that there are both important genetic and environmental effects on gene expression which start at conception. We conclude that one of the most effective strategies to break the intergenerational transmission of CPA involves giving long-term support to pregnant women with a history of behavior problems, their spouse, and their offspring. 相似文献
117.
This study examined the spatial and temporal limitations of the visual corrective process in the control of upper limb movements. Real-time calculation of kinematic data was used to trigger a prismatic displacement of the movement environment during manual aiming. Using an OptoTrak motion tracking system, a data acquisition unit, and a custom-made program, perturbations were triggered at peak acceleration, peak velocity, and the estimated time of peak deceleration. Movement outcome was significantly influenced only when the visual displacement occurred at peak acceleration. The results support models of visual control that posit that early visual information is required for accurate limb control. 相似文献
118.
Guérard K Tremblay S 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(3):556-569
The authors revisited evidence in favor of modularity and of functional equivalence between the processing of verbal and spatial information in short-term memory. This was done by investigating the patterns of intrusions, omissions, transpositions, and fill-ins in verbal and spatial serial recall and order reconstruction tasks under control, articulatory suppression, and spatial tapping conditions. The authors observed that when tasks were fully equated, all patterns of errors were equivalent between the verbal and spatial domains. Moreover, articulatory suppression interfered more with the verbal memory tasks than with the spatial memory tasks. This interference was mostly due to an increase of omissions and transpositions. Similarly, tapping was more disruptive of spatial memory than of verbal memory tasks and affected primarily the number of omissions and transpositions. The patterns of errors and their interaction with interference are discussed in light of the predominant approaches to modeling memory and provide a rich set of data for modeling efforts. 相似文献
119.
120.
The fields of cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology have contributed an extensive corpus of research to the study of
error monitoring processes in younger adults; however, less is known about error handling in older adults. This paper highlights
current conceptualizations of error detection and correction in healthy and impaired older adult populations. The literature
suggests that some error handling processes require fewer processing resources than others and may be performed relatively
automatically. Compared with young adults, older adults demonstrate a reduced ability to recognize errors, but exhibit similar
rates of correction. Older adults diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease) show a reduced ability
to detect and correct their action errors. Thus, neurodegenerative disease processes amplify the impairments in error identification
associated with normal aging by disrupting both automatic and controlled error corrections. The clinical implications of our
current knowledge are discussed, and directions for future neuropsychological research are offered.
相似文献
Tania GiovannettiEmail: |