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231.
Pierre Charlebois Marc LeBlanc Claude Gagnon Serge Larivée Richard Tremblay 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1993,15(1):23-41
A risk group of disruptive boys (N=65) identified in kindergarten was assessed using the same procedures at ages 6–7, 8–9, and 10–11. Criteria used to define the predictors and criterion variable were the same at all assessment times. Severity was addressed by comparing different forms of behaviors, considering the extent of harmful consequences to others (aggressiveness was considered as most harmful, whereas inattention was considered as least harmful), manifestation in multiple settings, and extreme scores (manipulation of cutoff scores). Different assessment strategies (direct observations, ratings) and different informants (trained observers, mothers and teachers) were used. Aggressiveness as rated by mothers was highly stable from age 6 to age 11. Inattention as rated by teachers was stable only from age 6 to age 9, whereas no stability was found for observations of task inappropriate behaviors. Taskinappropriate behaviors observed in mother-child interactions and in multiple settings at age 6–7 were significant predictors of self-reported antisocial behaviors at age 12, but this prediction was not repeated at ages 8–9 and 10–11. Teacher ratings of inattention at ages 6–7 and 8–9 were also significant predictors of self-reported antisocial behaviors at age 12. The predictive power was much lower when mothers' ratings of aggressiveness were used. Findings from the present study support the hypothesis that some antisocial behavior precursors are age dependent, in that they are more characteristic of certain age groups than of others. Implications for the selection of assessment screening procedures are discussed. 相似文献
232.
Two experiments were performed with incidental study procedures in which generation effects were observed for relatively balanced French-English bilingual subjects on measures of both free recall and recognition. Experiment 1 used a within-subject design, and Experiment 2 used a between-subject design. In both experiments, reading translations and reading same-language repetitions generally resulted in similar amounts of retention. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 also showed that the generation effect was abolished under intentional study procedures because of an enhancement of reading-based retention. The results suggested that previous failures to obtain a translation-based generation effect may have been due to the use of intentional study procedures. The pattern of effects was explained in terms of a single-code model of bilingual linguistic representation and an individual-item processing intetpretation of the generation effect. 相似文献
233.
Focuses on the developmental periods of infancy, childhood, and adolescence to offer illustrations of the advantages of using developmental theory and research to establish targets for research on intervention, assessment and treatment planning, and evaluation of effective strategies for prevention of childhood and later adult disorders. The importance for training clinical graduate students in developmental approaches to research is stressed, and hopes for a future of mutual contributions of developmental and clinical psychology are expressed in light of the fact that, after a troubled history of isolation from one another and even active denigration of one another's goals and methods, developmental and clinical psychology are exhibiting joint recognition of the advantages of collaborative research. 相似文献
234.
Combining group-based trajectory modeling and propensity score matching for causal inferences in nonexperimental longitudinal data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A central theme of research on human development and psychopathology is whether a therapeutic intervention or a turning-point event, such as a family break-up, alters the trajectory of the behavior under study. This article describes and applies a method for using observational longitudinal data to make more transparent causal inferences about the impact of such events on developmental trajectories. The method combines 2 distinct lines of research: work on the use of finite mixture modeling to analyze developmental trajectories and work on propensity score matching. The propensity scores are used to balance observed covariates and the trajectory groups are used to control pretreatment measures of response. The trajectory groups also aid in characterizing classes of subjects for which no good matches are available. The approach is demonstrated with an analysis of the impact of gang membership on violent delinquency based on data from a large longitudinal study conducted in Montréal, Canada. 相似文献
235.
Pagani LS Japel C Vaillancourt T Côté S Tremblay RE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(1):41-53
Using data from three waves of a large Canadian data set, we examine the relationship between two middle childhood trajectory
variables, family dysfunction and anxiety. We draw upon family systems theory and developmental psychopathology, while attempting
to expand their boundaries by capitalizing on the strengths within both approaches. Our data treatment strategy, guided by
the life course analytical framework, included separate multivariate logits to examine this relationship, with and without
the extent to, which selected explanatory risk variables predicted belonging to the highest family dysfunction trajectory.
We also explored possible interactions between anxiety and explanatory risk variables. Supporting our hypothesis, a prolonged
duration of high doses of family dysfunction was associated with the most extreme developmental trajectories of anxious behavior
during middle childhood for both boys and girls. This relationship prevailed above and beyond the influence of other correlates
of family dysfunction such as marital transition, socioeconomic status, family size, and depressive symptoms experienced by
the informant (mostly mothers).
Specific details regarding the sample, characteristics of measures, and unspecified estimates and their standard errors per
data source are available from the first author in the form of tables and figures. 相似文献
236.
We assessed the effect of suggestion on the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm and associated it with the Remember–Know–Guess paradigm. Undergraduate students were given either lists of semantically related words or texts containing these words. After the recall task, if participants did not produce the critical lure, the experimenter suggested that the word had been present, using either a question (moderate suggestion) or an assertion (strong suggestion); these conditions were compared to a condition without suggestion. Afterwards, participants took a recognition test. The results showed that strong suggestions lead to more false recognitions than other conditions and the state of consciousness associated with false recognitions tends to be a feeling of knowing rather than remembering, regardless of the verbal version (list or text). Therefore moderate suggestions did not lead to more false recognitions compare to no suggestion. We discuss the impact of suggestion on consciousness associated with false memories. 相似文献
237.
The aim of this study was to determine if two dimensions of song, the phonological part of lyrics and the melodic part of tunes, are processed in an independent or integrated way. In a series of five experiments, musically untrained participants classified bi-syllabic nonwords sung on two-tone melodic intervals. Their response had to be based on pitch contour, on nonword identity, or on the combination of pitch and nonword. When participants had to ignore irrelevant variations of the non-attended dimension, patterns of interference and facilitation allowed us to specify the processing interactions between dimensions. Results showed that consonants are processed more independently from melodic information than vowels are (Experiments 1-4). This difference between consonants and vowels was neither related to the sonority of the phoneme (Experiment 3), nor to the acoustical correlates between vowel quality and pitch height (Experiment 5). The implication of these results for our understanding of the functional relationships between musical and linguistic systems is discussed in light of the different evolutionary origins and linguistic functions of consonants and vowels. 相似文献
238.
Laurence Picard Isméry Reffuveille Francis Eustache Pascale Piolino 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(4):864-876
This study investigated the mechanisms behind episodic autobiographical memory (EAM) development in school-age children. Thirty children (6–11 years) performed a novel EAM test. We computed one index of episodicity via autonoetic consciousness and two indices of retrieval spontaneity (overall and EAM-specific) for a recent period (previous school year) and a more remote one (preschool years). Executive functions, and episodic and personal semantic memory were assessed. Results showed that recent autobiographical memories (AMs) were mainly episodic, unlike remote ones. An age-related increase in the indices of episodicity and specific spontaneity for recent AMs was mainly mediated by an age-related increase in the efficiency of the three cognitive abilities. Remote AMs varied only slightly with age (overall spontaneity), reflecting improvements in semantic abilities. Thus, EAM development in school-age children is essentially bound up with the increasing efficiency of cognitive abilities. Results are discussed in the light of models of childhood amnesia. 相似文献
239.
Benoît Louvet Patrick Gaudreau André Menaut Jacques Genty Pascale Deneuve 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2009,10(1):124-135
ObjectivesThis study examined the longitudinal factor invariance of problem-focused, disengagement-focused, and seeking social support coping to provide an unbiased estimation of the mean-level and differential stability of coping with longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses with mean structure. This study also examined different patterns of longitudinal coping utilization with Latent Class Growth Modeling (LCGM).MethodSoccer referees (N = 227), aged from 15 to 53 years, completed a French version of the Ways of Coping Checklist at three times over an entire season.ResultsThe structure of the coping dimensions could be assumed longitudinally invariant. The mean-level utilization of problem-focused coping did not change significantly over the season despite the presence of test–retest instability. Both disengagement and seeking support coping utilization have significantly decreased over time while displaying moderate test–retest stability. Results of LCGM revealed that, while most referees did not change their utilization of problem-focused coping, two subgroups have respectively increased and decreased their use of problem-focused coping. Two subgroups decreased significantly their use of both disengagement-oriented and seeking support coping whereas one subgroup maintained the same level of utilization.ConclusionsResults indicated that coping utilization displayed both trait-like and state-like properties, differing for distinct subgroups of referees. This research provided further evidence for the need of moving beyond the sole reliance on traditional analyses of change to recast the trait-like versus state-like debate on coping into a more idiosyncratic-nomothetic framework. 相似文献
240.
Dupéré V Lacourse E Willms JD Vitaro F Tremblay RE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):1035-1045
Because youth gangs tend to cluster in disadvantaged neighborhoods, adolescents living in such neighborhoods are more likely
to encounter opportunities to join youth gangs. However, in the face of these opportunities, not all adolescents respond in
the same manner. Those with preexisting psychopathic tendencies might be especially likely to join. In this study, we tested
whether a combination of individual propensity and facilitating neighborhood conditions amplifies the probabilities of youth
gang affiliation. A subset of 3,522 adolescents was selected from a nationally representative, prospective sample of Canadian
youth. Psychopathic tendencies (i.e., a combination of high hyperactivity, low anxiety, and low prosociality as compared to
national norms) were assessed through parent reports, while neighborhood characteristics (i.e., concentrated economic disadvantage
and residential instability) were derived from the 2001 Census of Canada. Our results indicated that neighborhood residential
instability, but not neighborhood concentrated economic disadvantage, interacted with individual propensity to predict youth
gang membership. Adolescents with preexisting psychopathic tendencies appeared especially vulnerable mainly if they were raised
in residentially unstable neighborhoods. 相似文献