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101.
Pfaff JJ Almeida OP Witte TK Waesche MC Joiner TE 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2007,37(6):616-626
Relatively little research has been conducted on the relationship between alcohol misuse and suicidal behavior among the elderly. The current study's aim was to examine whether quantity and frequency of alcohol use and the interaction between these variables are related to current suicidal ideation, previous suicidal ideation/intent, and past suicide attempts in a community sample of 1,010 Australian adults over age 60. Results partially supported our hypotheses. The interaction between quantity and frequency of alcohol use was significant, suggesting that those who use alcohol less frequently but in greater quantities (i.e., binge drinking) are more likely to have a history of suicide attempts. 相似文献
102.
Psychological Essentialism of Human Categories 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT— Psychological essentialism is an ordinary mode of category representation that has powerful social-psychological consequences. This article reviews those consequences, with a focus on the distinctive ways people perceive, evaluate, and interact with members of human categories they essentialize. Why and when people engage in this mode of thinking remain open questions. Variability in essentialism across cultures, categories, and contexts suggests that this mode of representing human categories is rooted in a naturalistic theory of category origins, combined with a need to explain differences that cross category boundaries. 相似文献
103.
Nancy A. Neef Traci Cihon Tracy Kettering Amanda Guld Judah B. Axe Madoka Itoi Ruth DeBar 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(3):235-249
We compared two formats for optional study sessions offered to students in a research methods course. Study sessions alternated
between a game format (e.g., Behavioral Jeopardy) and a student-directed question and answer format, presented in counterbalanced
order across different sections of the same course. The results of the alternating treatments design in Study 1 indicated
that, despite improvements in quiz performance relative to baseline, there were no consistent differences between the two
formats on attendance at the study sessions or on weekly quiz performance. Similar results were obtained in a systematic replication
(Study 2) in which opportunities to respond to game questions were equated across study sessions. 相似文献
104.
Kathleen L Hourihan Samantha Goldberg Tracy L Taylor 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2007,61(2):91-101
This study examined whether spatial location mediates intentional forgetting of peripherally presented words. Using an item-method directed forgetting paradigm, words were presented in peripheral locations at study. A recognition test presented all words at either the same or a different location relative to study. Results showed that while recognition of Remember words was unaffected by test location, when Forget words were presented in the same location at test as at study, recognition accuracy was significantly greater than when presented in a different location. Experiment 2 showed that the speed to localize a previously studied word was faster when it was presented in the same rather than a different study-test location but that the magnitude of this spatial priming was unaffected by memory instruction. We suggest that the location of peripherally presented words is represented in memory and can aid the retrieval of poorly encoded words. 相似文献
105.
There is growing evidence that self‐affirmation – the process of reflecting upon cherished values or attributes – may have implications for health. Postulated effects range from reducing the defensive resistance to unwelcome health‐risk information to ameliorating the physiological response to stress. In this, the first detailed review of the literature on self‐affirmation and health, we summarise what is known. Self‐affirming can increase acceptance of unwelcome health‐risk information, especially among those at greatest risk. Self‐affirmed participants typically also report more intention to change behaviour postmessage. There is evidence that certain effects of self‐affirming may endure. Self‐affirmation has also been shown to have beneficial effects on the response to stress. There is, however, currently only limited evidence of actual health‐behaviour change following self‐affirmation. We discuss reasons for this and consider key research questions for the next phase of research. 相似文献
106.
The central question underlying this study revolves around how children process co-reference relationships—such as those evidenced
by pronouns (him) and reflexives (himself)—and how a slowed rate of speech input may critically affect this process. Previous studies of child language processing
have demonstrated that typical language developing (TLD) children as young as 4 years of age process co-reference relations
in a manner similar to adults on-line. In contrast, off-line measures of pronoun comprehension suggest a developmental delay
for pronouns (relative to reflexives). The present study examines dependency relations in TLD children (ages 5–13) and investigates
how a slowed rate of speech input affects the unconscious (on-line) and conscious (off-line) parsing of these constructions.
For the on-line investigations (using a cross-modal picture priming paradigm), results indicate that at a normal rate of speech
TLD children demonstrate adult-like syntactic reflexes. At a slowed rate of speech the typical language developing children displayed a breakdown in automatic syntactic parsing (again, similar to the pattern seen in unimpaired adults).
As demonstrated in the literature, our off-line investigations (sentence/picture matching task) revealed that these children
performed much better on reflexives than on pronouns at a regular speech rate. However, at the slow speech rate, performance
on pronouns was substantially improved, whereas performance on reflexives was not different than at the regular speech rate.
We interpret these results in light of a distinction between fast automatic processes (relied upon for on-line processing
in real time) and conscious reflective processes (relied upon for off-line processing), such that slowed speech input disrupts
the former, yet improves the latter. 相似文献
107.
108.
Anna-Lind Petursdottir Kristen McMaster Jennifer J. McComas Tracy Bradfield Viveca Braganza Julie Koch-McDonald Roxana Rodriguez Haley Scharf 《Journal of School Psychology》2009,47(4):215-243
The purpose of this study was to investigate how brief experimental analyses (BEAs) could be used to identify effective interventions for Kindergartners (2 girls and 2 boys, 5 years and 7-10 months old) with low performance and/or growth slope in letter sound fluency (LSF). Interventions were tested within a multielement design with brief mini-reversals until an intervention yielding at least 20% improvement on a specific subskill measure or a curriculum-based measure of LSF was identified. BEA-identified interventions were implemented one-on-one for 5 to 9 weeks. A multiple-baseline design across participants showed large intervention effects (average adjusted d = 2.4) on general outcome measures, supporting treatment validity of BEAs. Findings extend the BEA literature to younger participants, early reading interventions, and early reading measures. 相似文献
109.
Research on emotion processing in the visual modality suggests a processing advantage for emotionally salient stimuli, even at early sensory stages; however, results concerning the auditory correlates are inconsistent. We present two experiments that employed a gating paradigm to investigate emotional prosody. In Experiment 1, participants heard successively building segments of Jabberwocky "sentences" spoken with happy, angry, or neutral intonation. After each segment, participants indicated the emotion conveyed and rated their confidence in their decision. Participants in Experiment 2 also heard Jabberwocky "sentences" in successive increments, with half discriminating happy from neutral prosody, and half discriminating angry from neutral prosody. Participants in both experiments identified neutral prosody more rapidly and accurately than happy or angry prosody. Confidence ratings were greater for neutral sentences, and error patterns also indicated a bias for recognising neutral prosody. Taken together, results suggest that enhanced processing of emotional content may be constrained by stimulus modality. 相似文献
110.
Kara Anne Withrow Kelly A. Tracy Sarah K. Burton Virginia W. Norris Hermine H. Maes Kathleen S. Arnos Arti Pandya 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(6):618-621
Hearing loss is a common sensory deficit and more than 50% of affected individuals have a genetic etiology. The discovery
of 40 genes and more than 100 loci involved in hearing loss has made genetic testing for some of these genes widely available.
Genetic services for deafness are also being sought more often due to the early identification of hearing loss through newborn
screening services. The motivations for pursuing genetic testing, and how genetic services are provided to the client may
differ among individuals. Additionally, information obtained through genetic testing can be perceived and used in different
ways by parents of deaf children and deaf adults. This study aimed to follow up on focus group studies published earlier with
a quantitative survey instrument and assess the preference of consumers for provision of genetic services. We conducted a
national survey of hearing and deaf parents of children with hearing loss and of deaf adults. Data was compared and analyzed
by hearing status of the participant, their community affiliation and the genetic testing status using nominal logistic regression.
Consistent with our focus group results, the survey participants thought that a genetic counselor/geneticist would be the
most appropriate professional to provide genetics services. Statistically significant differences were noted in the preferred
choice of provider based on the genetic testing status. Parents preferred that genetic evaluation, including testing, occur
either immediately at or a few months after the audiologic diagnosis of hearing loss. This data should help providers in clinical
genetics keep patient preferences at the helm and provide culturally competent services. 相似文献