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181.
Collapsing DSM-III schizotypal and borderline groups to form a borderline population is unwarranted when the results are then related to borderline personality organization. In a comparison of overlapping scoring systems for inferring defensive operations, Lerner, Albert, and Walsh intertwine fact and theory extravagantly and are not justified by their chosen populations nor their assumptions about the theories involved. 相似文献
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Joseph W. Houpt Leslie M. Blaha John P. McIntire Paul R. Havig James T. Townsend 《Behavior research methods》2014,46(2):307-330
Systems factorial technology (SFT) comprises a set of powerful nonparametric models and measures, together with a theory-driven experiment methodology termed the double factorial paradigm (DFP), for assessing the cognitive information-processing mechanisms supporting the processing of multiple sources of information in a given task (Townsend and Nozawa, Journal of Mathematical Psychology 39:321–360, 1995). We provide an overview of the model-based measures of SFT, together with a tutorial on designing a DFP experiment to take advantage of all SFT measures in a single experiment. Illustrative examples are given to highlight the breadth of applicability of these techniques across psychology. We further introduce and demonstrate a new package for performing SFT analyses using R for statistical computing. 相似文献
184.
Increasing the number of available sources of information may impair or facilitate performance, depending on the capacity
of the processing system. Tests performed on response time distributions are proving to be useful tools in determining the
workload capacity (as well as other properties) of cognitive systems. In this article, we develop a framework and relevant
mathematical formulae that represent different capacity assays (Miller’s race model bound, Grice’s bound, and Townsend’s capacity
coefficient) in the same space. The new space allows a direct comparison between the distinct bounds and the capacity coefficient
values and helps explicate the relationships among the different measures. An analogous common space is proposed for the AND
paradigm, relating the capacity index to the Colonius–Vorberg bounds. We illustrate the effectiveness of the unified spaces
by presenting data from two simulated models (standard parallel, coactive) and a prototypical visual detection experiment.
A conversion table for the unified spaces is provided. 相似文献
185.
Nicole M. Stephens Sarah S.M. Townsend Hazel Rose Markus L. Taylor Phillips 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(6):1389-1393
American universities increasingly admit first-generation students—students whose parents do not have four-year degrees. Once admitted, these students experience greater challenges adjusting to universities compared to continuing-generation students—students who have at least one parent with a four-year degree. This additional adversity is typically explained in terms of first-generation students' relative lack of economic (e.g., money) or academic (e.g., preparation) resources. We propose that this adversity also stems from a cultural mismatch between the mostly middle-class, independent norms institutionalized in American universities and the relatively interdependent norms that first-generation students are socialized with in working-class contexts before college. As predicted, an experiment revealed that framing the university culture in terms of independent norms (cultural mismatch) led first-generation students to show greater increases in cortisol and less positive/more negative emotions than continuing-generation students while giving a speech. However, reframing the university culture to include interdependent norms (cultural match) eliminated this gap. 相似文献
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Ella Arensman Ellen Townsend Keith Hawton Sandy Bremner Eleanor Feldman Robert Goldney David Gunnell Philip Hazell Kees Van Heeringen Allan House David Owens Isaac Sakinofsky Lil Trskman‐Bendz 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2001,31(2):169-180
Development of effective treatments for patients following deliberate self-harm (self-poisoning or self-injury) is a very important element in suicide prevention. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the mainstay of evaluation of treatments. In a systematic review of the literature, the effectiveness of treatments based on RCTs was examined and the quality of the RCTs was assessed. Twenty trials were identified, and where possible, these were grouped on the basis of similarities among the types of treatment. In this paper, we examine the methodological aspects of the trials and consider what may be learned that will assist in the design of future studies in this field. The methodological quality of the trials was reasonable, but most trials included too few participants to detect clinically important differences in rates of repeated self-harm. In planning future trials, the following major issues should be addressed: investigators should perform power calculations to determine the number of subjects necessary to detect clinically important effects, provide information on method of randomization and interventions, use standard measures of outcome, and focus on homogeneous subgroups of patients. Improving the methodology of future studies in this field will be essential if sound evidence is to be obtained which can inform effective service provision for deliberate self-harm patients. 相似文献
190.