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61.
Stephanie D. Smith Haley F. Stephens Karla Repper Janet A. Kistner 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2016,38(4):515-527
This paper examines anger rumination as a risk factor of aggression in typically developing children and high-risk adolescents. Study 1 developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of a self-report measure of children’s anger rumination (Children’s Anger Rumination Scale; CARS) and its association with teacher- and peer-rated overt and relational aggression in school-aged children (n = 254, M age = 10.62). Findings offered support for the reliability and validity of the CARS as well as support for the hypothesis that children who ruminate to anger exhibit elevated levels of overt and relational aggression. Study 2 examined concurrent and prospective relationships between anger rumination and aggression and the moderating effects of trait anger in a sample of male juvenile offenders (n = 119, M age = 16.74). Latent growth curve analyses revealed that the interaction between trait anger and anger rumination predicted initial levels of aggression (i.e., intercept) and changes in aggression over time (i.e., slope). Juvenile offenders who were high in trait anger and ruminated in response to anger exhibited the highest initial levels of aggression. Contrary to our hypothesis, this group did not exhibit greater increases in aggression over time relative to others, but instead they had stably high levels of aggression at each time point. These findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral treatment strategies for aggression may be improved by educating youths about the contributory role of anger rumination in the development of aggression and providing them with adaptive alternatives to coping with feelings of anger. 相似文献
62.
Several philosophers have argued that natural selection will favor reliable belief formation; others have been more skeptical. These traditional approaches to the evolution of rationality have been either too sketchy or else have assumed that phenotypic plasticity can be equated with having a mind. Here I develop a new model to explore the functional utility of belief and desire formation mechanisms, and defend the claim that natural selection favors reliable inference methods in a broad, but not universal, range of circumstances. 相似文献
63.
64.
Brittney Johnstone Amy Kaiser Marie C. Injeyan Karen Sappleton David Chitayat Derek Stephens Cheryl Shuman 《Journal of genetic counseling》2016,25(4):731-741
Burnout represents a critical disruption in an individual’s relationship with work, resulting in a state of exhaustion in which one’s occupational value and capacity to perform are questioned. Burnout can negatively affect an individual’s personal life, as well as employers in terms of decreased work quality, patient/client satisfaction, and employee retention. Occupational stress is a known contributor to burnout and occurs as a result of employment requirements and factors intrinsic to the work environment. Empirical research examining genetic counselor-specific burnout is limited; however, existing data suggests that genetic counselors are at increased risk for burnout. To investigate the relationship between occupational stress and burnout in genetic counselors, we administered an online survey to members of three genetic counselor professional organizations. Validated measures included the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (an instrument measuring burnout on three subscales: exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) and the Occupational Stress Inventory—Revised (an instrument measuring occupational stress on 14 subscales). Of the 353 respondents, more than 40 % had either considered leaving or left their job role due to burnout. Multiple regression analysis yielded significant predictors for burnout risk. The identified sets of predictors account for approximately 59 % of the variance in exhaustion, 58 % of the variance in cynicism, and 43 % of the variance in professional efficacy. Our data confirm that a significant number of genetic counselors experience burnout and that burnout is correlated with specific aspects of occupational stress. Based on these findings, practice and research recommendations are presented. 相似文献
65.
Luc Foisneau John Hedley Brooke Katherine J. Morris Desmond M. Clarke John Stephens Bruce Haddock 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(2):441-472
Raison et déraison d'État. Théoriciens et theories de la raison d'État aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles sous la direction de Yves Charles Zarka Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1994 pp. 436, 248 FF. ISBN 9–782130–461616. Beverly C. Southgate: ’Covetous of Truth’: The Life and Work of Thomas White, 1593–1676 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. 189 pp. £60.00 ISBN 0–7923–1926–5 George Dicker: Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction Oxford University Press, 1993 (248 pp.) £14.95 pbk. ISBN 0–19–507590–0 Theo Verbeek: Descartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy, 1637–1650. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press, 1992, x + 168 pp. $30.00 ISBN 0–8093–1617‐X David Berman: George Berkeley: Idealism and the Man Oxford University Press, 1994. £27.50 ISBN 0–19–826746–0 Joseph Mali: The Rehabilitation of Myth: Vico's New Science Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. pp. xv + 275. £35.00 ISBN 0–521–41952–2 R. C. Solomon and K. W. Higgins (eds): The Age of German Idealism Routledge: London, 1993. Pp. 408. £55.00 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–05604–7 T. L. S. Sprigge: James and Bradley: American Truth and British Reality Chicago and La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1993 Pp. xiv + 630. $66.95 (hbk), $29.95 (pbk). ISBN 0–8126–9227–6 (pbk) A. W. Moore: The Infinite Routledge, London and New York (1990). First published in paperback, 1991. xiv + 268 pp., £10.99 ISBN 0–415–07048–1 相似文献
66.
Anger and aggression on the road may sometimes appear unprovoked and unrelated to current driving circumstances. It is unclear whether such anger and aggression arises because of events prior to those circumstances in which anger is experienced and aggression is exhibited. In this study, time pressure and enforced following of a slowly moving vehicle were used to increase drivers’ anger in order to assess whether affect and behaviour during a subsequent, non-provocative, drive would change accordingly. Ninety-six drivers drove twice in a simulated urban environment. During the first drive, oncoming traffic and a slowly moving lead vehicle required that half of the drivers travelled far slower than they would choose. During the second drive, drivers again followed slower vehicles and were required to respond to traffic events not encountered in the manipulation drive. Mood (Profile of Mood States) was assessed before and after each drive, and anger evaluations, arousal (heart rate) and behaviour (speed, lane position and collisions) were measured during drives. Anger increased and both mood and driving behaviour deteriorated in drivers exposed to slower lead vehicles, compared with control group drivers. These behavioural differences of speed and lane positioning carried over into the subsequent drive even to driving situations unlike those where provocation had previously occurred. Drivers who had previously been impeded later approached hazards with less caution, and attempted more dangerous overtaking manoeuvres. It is concluded that sometimes dangerous driving may result from anger provoked by circumstances other than those in which the behaviour is exhibited. 相似文献
67.
R. Stephens A. Kaufman 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(2):219-240
ABSTRACT The psychological functions assessed by substitution tests, and the age-related performance decline, are not well understood. Here several aspects of long-term memory were manipulated across younger and older adults. A 45-page Digit–Symbol test was employed. Each page contained a 9-item digit symbol code-table and 9 response items. There were 9 study conditions with each condition deployed across 5 pages, or trials, of the test. The conditions were formed by crossing two within-subjects factors, each with 3 levels. The first factor, Digit Order, pertained to having the code table digits in numerical order vs. a pseudo-random order fixed across trials vs. a pseudo-random order that varied across trials. The second factor, Symbol Pairing, pertained to having a fixed digit–symbol pairing across trials vs. having a varying digit–symbol pairing across trials vs. having a novel set of 9 symbols introduced on each of the 5 trials. Including the additional factor, Age, resulted in a 2 × 3 × 3 mixed randomised block design. The older group was slowed, F(1, 22) = 17.267, p < .001, and overall-performance was poorer when the digits were arranged non-numerically, F(1,44) = 55.403, p < .001. An Age by Symbol–Order interaction indicated that use of novel symbols disadvantaged only the older participants, F(1, 44) = 6.577, p = .014. While there was no evidence that incidental paired-associate learning or spatial memory affect digit–symbol performance, symbol familiarity may be important to digit symbol test completion in older adults. The benefit of ordinally arranged digits in the coding table highlights a fundamental process difference between Digit–Symbol and Symbol–Digit test formats. 相似文献
68.
Alasdair M. Goodwill Skye Stephens Sandra Oziel Shankari Sharma Jared C. Allen Nicola Bowes Robert Lehmann 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2013,10(1):71-95
The current study seeks to advance the faceted multidimensional scaling (termed FMDS) procedure used in much of the investigative psychology research. To this end, recent research on street robbery by Goodwill and colleagues will be utilised to illustrate the effectiveness of a facet scale method for offender profiling. Four FMDS themes of street robbery (Con, Blitz, Confrontation and Snatch) were revealed by the crossing of two underlying axial facets: the offenders' level of violence and interaction with the victim. The facet scale method, utilising offenders' axial facet scores, was compared to previous count, proportional and centroid classification methods in the prediction of offender criminal histories. Utilising logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, the axial facet scale method was found to significantly outperform the qualitatively based dominant theme classification methods that typically employ angular and radial facets for FMDS interpretation. Implications for the use of axial facet scales within FMDS analysis for offender profiling research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
69.
Choice makes North Americans feel more in control, free, and independent, and thus has many positive consequences for individuals' motivation and well-being. We report five studies that uncovered novel consequences of choice for public policy and interpersonal judgments. Studies 1 through 3 found that activating the concept of choice decreases support for policies promoting intergroup equality (e.g., affirmative action) and societal benefits (e.g., reducing environmental pollution), but increases support for policies promoting individual rights (e.g., legalizing drugs). Studies 4 and 5 found that activating the concept of choice increases victim blaming and decreases empathy for disadvantaged people. Study 5 found that choice does not decrease Indians' empathy for disadvantaged individuals, indicating that the social and interpersonal consequences of choice are likely culture-specific. This research suggests that the well-known positive effects of choice for individuals can be accompanied by an array of previously unexamined and potentially negative outcomes for other people and for society. 相似文献
70.
Moira Stephens Christopher F. C. Jordens Ian H. Kerridge Rachel A. Ankeny 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(4):513-535
This paper concerns the medical, religious, and social discourse around abortion. The primary goal of this paper is to better
understand how seven of the world’s major religious traditions (Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Jewish, Islamic, Buddhist, Confucian,
and Hindu) address abortion ‘in the clinic’. We do not aim to critique these commentaries but to draw out some of the themes
that resonate through the commentaries and place these within complex social contexts. We consider the intersection of ontology
and morality; the construction of women’s selfhood; the integration of religious beliefs and practices in a secular world.
We suggest that for many women, religious doctrine may be balanced with secular logic as both are important and inextricably
linked determinants of decision making about the termination of pregnancy. 相似文献