THE SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF MEN?

Recently the focus of sexual harassment research on the harassment of women by men has been challenged. Treatments of sexual harassment of men, however, have generally ignored power differentials between the genders. Our analysis predicts that behaviors identified as harassing by men stem from negotiations of gender in the workplace that challenge male dominance, whereas behaviors experienced by women as sexually harassing reinforce female subordinance. Consistent with our predictions, results indicated the following: men are considerably less threatened than women are by behaviors that women have found harassing; men find sexual coercion the most threatening form of harassment; men as well as women sexually harass men; and men identify behaviors as harassing that have not been identified for women. Results also showed signs of backlash among men against organizational measures that address sexual harassment and discrimination against women. Implications for psychological and legal definitions of sexual harassment of men are discussed.     

The power of faces: A review of John T. Lanzetta's research on facial expression and emotion

Provides a comprehensive review of John T. Lanzetta's research program on facial expression and emotion. After reviewing the study that initiated this research program (Lanzetta & Kleck, 1970), the program is described as developing along four distinct lines of research: (1) the role of facial expression in the modulation and self-regulation of emotion, (2) the evocative power of the face as an emotional stimulus, (3) the role of facial expression in empathy and counterempathy, and (4) the role of facial displays in human politics. Beyond reviewing the major studies and key findings to emerge from each of these lines, the progression of thought underlying the development of this research program as a whole and the interrelations among the individual research lines are also emphasized.     

Computer-based training versus traditional lecture: Effect on learning and retention

This study investigated the effectiveness of computer-based training (CBT) versus the standard or traditional lecture method. The study was conducted at a large pharmaceutical manufacturing site located in Eastern North Carolina. Subjects were chemical processors in the bulk chemical production division (N=54). All subjects completed a comprehensive hazardous chemicals safety training program, with one treatment group completing the course via a self-directed computer program (n=27) and one completing the course via traditional instructor-led sessions (n=27). Both delivery formats were identical relative to learning objectives and content. Level of learning was assessed via a 33-item pretest and posttest. Subjects were also administered a 33-item retention test one month following completion of the program. Subject biographical data, including educational level, were collected by questionnaire and the Computer Anxiety Index (CAIN) was administered to assess subjects' level of computer anxiety within the CBT group. Satisfaction with training was assessed in both treatment groups. Results indicated 1) both groups demonstrated significant learning following training, 2) there was no significant difference in level of learning between the two groups, 3) retention after one month was significantly higher in the CBT groups, 4) there was no correlation between educational level or computer anxiety and learning, and 5) there was no significant difference between the two groups on satisfaction with the training experience.     

The measurement of imagery ability

When variations in imagery ability are used to predict task performance, distinct and consistent relationships do not tend to emerge. A selective review of studies is undertaken to outline some basic reasons why individual difference measures of imagery are often so unsuccessful. Relevant studies concerning the learning and performance of motor skills are examined in some detail. It is concluded that the major problem in these studies is the types of imagery tests that have been employed; these tests have not adequately measured imagery ability. A recently developed instrument, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire, which has been designed to assess individual differences in visual and kinesthetic imagery of movement is discussed.     

Counselling and the schizophrenias

Schizophrenia is the collective name given to allied psychiatric disorders each of which has received a number of different professional interpretations. A primary counselling task is to help staff resolve conflicts over treatment, and give them support during their care of patients. Counselling patients and families, particularly through opportunities provided by self-help groups, is also discussed. The specialised work of genetic, psychoanalytical and behavioural counselling is considered, and stress is laid on the importance of counselling the adolescent schizophrenic for whom early help is vital to prevent deterioration. The article focuses on those areas where marriage guidance counsellors, social workers and probation officers are most likely to be consulted.     

Isobias curves in some detection tasks

Signal/noise ratio was varied in three tone-detection tasks while other conditions were held constant, generating 9 8-point and 12 12-point isobias plots. These plots were compared with the theoretical isobias curves associated with seven proposed bias measures. Each of the proposed measures covaried with signal/noise ratio in at least half of the data. For two of the plots, none of the measures was invariant. It is clear that different subjects respond quite differently to change in discriminability, and the implications of this for bias measurement are discussed.     

Age and cohort effects on personality factor scores across sexes and racial/ethnic groups

Substantial differences exist across ethnic groups and sexes in generational changes in status among groups residing in Hawaii. Despite these generational differences across groups, age differences in personality are remarkably consistent across sexes and racial/ethnic groups, and the few Sex x Age, Ethnicity x Age or Sex x Ethnicity x Age interactions account for little variance in scores. It is concluded that age/generational differences in personality factor scores in these populations result from age and not, to any major degree, from cohort effects.     

A low-stress restraint procedure for EEG acquisition in awake rats

A restraint procedure was developed to reduce movement-related artifacts during the acquisition of EEG data from unanesthetized, unparalyzed rats. It combines the low-stress properties of a cloth restraint bag with the improved immobility of a rigid restraint device. The spontaneous behavior of the rat facilitates both the induction of and the subsequent release from restraint.