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161.
The present study examined the role of adult attachment styles in differentiating ‘depressed’ and ‘non-depressed’ college students, and the association between attachment styles and the depressive personality vulnerabilities, sociotropy and autonomy. High scores on the fearful and, to a lesser extent, preoccupied attachment scales were associated with higher levels of depression, highlighting negative self-representation as a key factor in depression. While the sociotropy vulnerability construct correlated exclusively with the preoccupied attachment scale, correlations for the autonomy construct were more complex: as predicted, fearful attachment correlated with all three autonomy subscales while dismissive attachment correlated with the defensive-separation and control subscales, but not with the self-criticism subscale. With an emphasis on negative self-representation, preoccupied attachment also correlated with the self-criticism subscale. The results suggest that fearful attachment is consistent with autonomous vulnerability and preoccupied attachment with sociotropic vulnerability. Self-criticism, a component of both fearful and preoccupied attachment, is highlighted as a strong depressive vulnerability. Dismissive attachment, not involving the self-critical component, does not appear to be associated with depressive predisposition, despite involving self-reliance and avoidance of intimacy. 相似文献
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R C Kores W D Murphy T L Rosenthal D B Elias W C North 《Behaviour research and therapy》1990,28(2):165-169
This study utilized a modified self-efficacy scale and examined the relationship of perceived self-efficacy to treatment outcome in a chronic, intractable, benign pain population (N = 62). In two separate studies a self-efficacy scale was given to inpatients in a combined cognitive-behavioral and medical treatment program. The scale categories consisted of (1) walking distance, (2) lifting ability, (3) pain coping, (4) working ability, and (5) social and recreational engagement. Self-efficacy beliefs were found to be associated with the level of functioning of these patients and their response to treatment. Patients with higher self-efficacy scores following treatment rated themselves as more improved and demonstrated better overall functioning with greater reductions in chronic illness behavior at followup. These observations support the merits of self-efficacy measures as predictors of treatment outcome in chronic pain patients. 相似文献
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165.
H. Allen Murphy J. Michael Hutchison Jon S. Bailey 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1983,16(1):29-35
This research focuses on the inappropriate, largely aggressive, behaviors of 344 K-2 children assigned to a playground prior to the beginning of the school day. Initially, a system for observing large numbers of children freely roaming over a large, open area was developed. This observational method was then used to determine the effectiveness of providing organized games for reducing potentially dangerous playground behaviors. Using a reversal (ABAB) design, it was found that the games, rope jumping, and foot racing, along with an infrequently used time-out procedure, significantly reduced the frequency of inappropriate incidents. It is suggested that when dealing with large groups, antecedent environmental manipulations may be more practical than providing consequences for the behaviors exhibited by identified individuals. 相似文献
166.
In a disjunctive reaction-time task in which Ss responded to clicks presented to one ear while white noise was presented to the other, RT was significantly faster to stimuli presented to the left ear than to the right ear. In a simple reaction-time task, using the same stimuli. there was no difference in R T to stimuli presented to right or left ear. The results were discussed in relation to functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres. and were taken to support a perceptual interpretation of the ear asymmetry effect. 相似文献
167.
R. B. Zajonc Pamela K. Adelmann Sheila T. Murphy Paula M. Niedenthal 《Motivation and emotion》1987,11(4):335-346
This study attempted to determine whether people who live with each other for a long period of time grow physically similar in their facial features. Photographs of couples when they were first married and 25 years later were judged for physical similarity and for the likelihood that they were married. The results showed that there is indeed an increase in apparent similarity after 25 years of cohabitation. Moreover, increase in resemblance was associated with greater reported marital happiness. Among the explanations of this phenomenon that were examined, one based on a theory of emotional efference emerged as promising. This theory proposes that emotional processes produce vascular changes that are, in part, regulated by facial musculature. The facial muscles are said to act as ligatures on veins and arteries, and they thereby are able to divert blood from, or direct blood to, the brain. An implication of the vascular theory of emotional efference is that habitual use of facial musculature may permanently affect the physical features of the face. The implication holds further that two people who live with each other for a longer period of time, by virtue of repeated empathic mimicry, would grow physically similar in their facial features. Kin resemblance, therefore, may not be simply a matter of common genes but also a matter of prolonged social contact.A. L.Dear A. L.: As far as physical appearance is concerned, likes seem to attract. Some experts feel that this resemblance may partly be explained by the fact that couples who've lived together for some time usually eat the same diet and share the same habits.
The Joyce Brothers Column
April 1985
This work was supported by Grant BNS-8505981 from the National Science Foundation. We wish to thank all those who offered their photographs for the purposes of this study, and Joseph R. Zajonc for his helpful suggestions. 相似文献
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Joseph Krisak William D. Murphy Susan Stalgaitis 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1981,3(3):199-207
Although there has been increased reliance upon the direct physiological measurement of penile tumescence in the assessment of sexual deviations, the reliability of these measures has never been empirically validated. This investigation evaluates the reliability of the rape index as a technique in differentiating rapists from nonrapists. Eighteen individuals incarcerated on non-sexual-related offenses were presented visual and audio stimuli depicting mutually consenting intercourse, rape, and aggression. These stimuli were presented under two instructional sets: (1) enchance arousal and (2) suppress arousal. Reliability indices for the rape index were computed among various conditions of modality presentation, instructional set, and test-retest conditions. The overall reliability of the rape index was found to be low. The implications of these results upon the assessment and classification of offenders is discussed. 相似文献