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131.
Pierce CH Hanford PV Zimmerman J 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1972,18(1):141-146
Two experiments studied responding in the rat when the first bar press after a variable period of time produced a cue light that remained on for either 10, 30, or 100 sec and terminated with the delivery of food. In Experiment I, response rate decreased and time to the first response after reinforcement increased as the delay of reinforcement increased. Similar results were obtained whether the delay consisted of retracting the lever during the delay, a fixed delay with no scheduled consequence for responding, or every response during the delay restarted the delay interval. In Experiment II, fixed-delay and fixed-interval schedules of the same duration during the delay period had no differential effect on either response rate or time to the first response after reinforcement, but differentially controlled responding during the delay periods. 相似文献
132.
The variability pattern of emotional well-being in recent widows across a 98-day period beginning in the first month post-loss has previously been modeled by dynamical systems and shown to be an oscillating process that damps across time. The goal of the present study was to examine how variables that comprise the social support network predict characteristics of these emotional shifts in 28 recent widows. In the present study, emotional support seeking led to a steeper overall trend, whereas perceived control for social support led to a shallower overall trend. When examining intraindividual variability, instrumental support seeking predicted a slower damping rate. Understanding the individual differences in the variability patterns of recent widows is a necessary step in identifying the etiology of adjustment to widowhood. 相似文献
133.
Three recognition memory experiments were conducted using modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) and DRM paradigms. In Experiment 1, the reaction time (RT) of the false alarms to critical nonpresented words (false memory) was compared with the RT of hits to the critical presented words and with the RT of hits to the studied list words (true memory). The RT of the false alarms to the critical nonpresented words was significantly longer than that of the hits to the critical words and than that of the studied list words. In Experiment 2, in addition to RT, participants' confidence level was measured on a 4-point scale for a yes or no response. Confidence rating was significantly higher for the hits to the critical presented words and to the list words than for the false alarms to the critical non-presented words. Experiment 3 further showed that how similar false memory experience was to that of true memory was a function of retention size (number of lists of words retained in memory). In all three experiments, the participants' recognition RTs distinguished false memory from veridical memory, and in Experiments 2 and 3, so did their confidence ratings. Therefore, false memory and veridical memory differ at both the objective and the subjective levels. The results are consistent with a single familiarity dimension model of recognition memory. 相似文献
134.
135.
In examining the performance of screening scales, a distinction should be made between principal and additional diagnoses. The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) is a brief, psychometrically strong self-report scale designed to screen for the most common Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed; DSM-IV) Axis I disorders encountered in outpatient mental health settings. In the present report, the authors compared the performance of the PDSQ in identifying principal and comorbid disorders. Seven hundred ninety-nine psychiatric outpatients completed the PDSQ and were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of the PDSQ subscales were similar for principal and additional diagnoses. 相似文献
136.
Although research has shown that priming negative stereotypes leads to lower performance among stigmatized individuals, little is understood about the cognitive mechanism that accounts for these effects. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that stereotype threat interferes with test performance because it reduces individuals' working memory capacity. Results show that priming self-relevant negative stereotypes reduces women's (Experiment 1) and Latinos' (Experiment 2) working memory capacity. The final study revealed that a reduction in working memory capacity mediates the effect of stereotype threat on women's math performance (Experiment 3). Implications for future research on stereotype threat and working memory are discussed. 相似文献
137.
Empowerment theory,research, and application 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This introduction to the special issue briefly reviews the meaning and significance of the empowerment concept and problems
associated with the proliferation of interest in empowerment. We identify some of the topics not included in this issue and
relate those to the many broad and diverse areas of psychological empowerment theory and community-based research and intervention
that are covered. We present synopses of each article along with some of the themes and lessons cutting across the frameworks,
studies, and applications. These include a wide diversity of settings, fairly representative of empowerment interventions,
and, at the same time, improved clarity (if not unanimity) of definitions and measurement, which has been a problem in much
empowerment research and intervention. 相似文献
138.
Continental Philosophy Review - 相似文献
139.
140.
A study was conducted to investigate the validity of many of the stereotypes about only children. A sample of 77 undergraduates (30 only, 30 first, and 17 last born) underwent a two-play Prisoner's Dilemma Game, the NASA exercise, and completed a questionnaire. Results indicated that only children were more likely to make cooperative response moves in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game and deviated more from the group decision in the NASA exercise than nononlies. Only children reported having fewer friends and joining fewer clubs than nononlies, but reported comparable numbers of close friends and took a comparable number of leadership positions in the clubs they joined. Results are discussed in terms of effects of siblings on development of interpersonal behavior. 相似文献