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171.
Vuk Uskoković 《Axiomathes》2009,19(1):17-50
Each type of learning is proposed as being a three-stage process, composed of: (i) recognition of a perceptual situation and
performance of an action corresponding thereto; (ii) observation of a deviation of the action result from an expected outcome;
(iii) re-arrangement of the conceptual framework of reasoning to meaningfully assimilate the observed deviation. In order
to evaluate a general, systemic significance of the concept of learning proposed hereby, the latter is assessed from perspectives
that correspond to diverse levels of organizational complexity of Nature. Thermodynamic concepts, constructivist and autopoietic
frameworks of analysis of cognitive phenomena, and the aspects of social sciences are intertwined so as to support the all-encompassing
meaning of the general pathways of learning proposed herein. Numerous ethical consequences, with a particular emphasis on
educational approaches, are derived from accepting such a general nature of learning and development. Naturally implied dialectical
form of evolution, according to which prosperous and favorable features of human creativity arise solely from problem-solving
situations, is further discussed. 相似文献
172.
Toni Rønnow-Rasmussen 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(4):397-411
Personal value, i.e., what is valuable for us (rather than value simpliciter), has recently been analysed in terms of so-called for-someone’s-sake attitudes. This paper is an attempt to add flesh to the bone of these attitudes that have not yet been properly analysed in the philosophical literature. By employing a distinction between justifiers and identifiers, which corresponds to two roles a property may play in the intentional content of an attitude, two different kinds of for-someone’s-sake attitudes can be identified. Moreover, it is argued that one of these kinds is particularly difficult to include in an analysis of value simpliciter but not in an analysis of value for. 相似文献
173.
A study was conducted to examine gender differences in perceptions of leadership. Subjects (N=320) were assigned to same-sex groups of four to six members. The groups participated in a leaderless group discussion and then assessed characteristics of their own and their peers' leadership. The subjects also completed a self-esteem inventory. Correlational analyses revealed that when evaluating their peers, both men and women associated being a leader and having leadership skills with an authoritarian leadership style. In self-perceptions, however, women associated having positive leadership skills with an authoritarian style, but men associated their own leadership skills with a democratic style. The self-esteem of both genders was differentially related to their perceptions of leadership style. These results suggest that men and women hold a leadership stereotype which equates the leadership skills of their peers with an authoritarian style of leadership. However, women but not men base their assessments of their own leadership skills on this leadership stereotype. 相似文献
174.
175.
Among numerous procedures for determination of the psychophysical relation, one approach has seldom been applied. Essential in this method is to present a set of stimuli whose intensity increases in fixed time following different forms. The objective stimulus increment, which the subjects perceive as linear growth directly, represents the inverse psychophysical relation. In this paper the method was tested in the fields of click frequency and sound pressure. This procedure was named "Perception of the Form of Stimulus Increment in Time". In comparison to other psychophysical approaches, this one has several advantages. The principal ones are the following: (1) In assessing the psychophysical relation it is not necessary to try to measure the perceptual magnitude; and (2) the psychophysical relation is directly determined by its dynamic pattern. In this paper modifications to the method are reported which facilitate the subject's task and avoid some differences in subjects' individual approaches to the task. The modified procedure leads to results satisfactory independent of the influence of the factors irrelevant to the psychophysical relationship. 相似文献
176.
Aleksandar Kostić 《Psychological research》1991,53(1):62-70
Summary The present paper evaluates the two standard approaches to the processing of inflected morphology (decomposition and the satellite-entries hypothesis) in the scope of the results obtained on Serbo-Croatian inflected noun forms. It was demonstrated that the decomposition hypothesis cannot account for most of the results. On the other hand, some of the critical experiments upon which the satellite-entries hypothesis was based failed to replicate, and the hypothesis was rejected on empirical grounds. The approach proposed in the present study assumes that processing effects observed with inflected Serbo-Croatian noun forms are based on the subject's sensitivity to the amount of information (i. e., bits) within a particular inflected form. It was demonstrated that the basic unit of the subject's sensitivity is the amount of information derived from the average frequency per syntactic function within a particular inflected form of a noun. This parameter accounts for all the observed processing variability of the inflected Serbo-Croatian noun forms. 相似文献
177.
178.
Branislav R. Boričić 《Studia Logica》1986,45(1):39-53
The logic of the weak law of excluded middleKC
p
is obtained by adding the formula A A as an axiom scheme to Heyting's intuitionistic logicH
p
. A cut-free sequent calculus for this logic is given. As the consequences of the cut-elimination theorem, we get the decidability of the propositional part of this calculus, its separability, equality of the negationless fragments ofKC
p
andH
p
, interpolation theorems and so on. From the proof-theoretical point of view, the formulation presented in this paper makes clearer the relations betweenKC
p
,H
p
, and the classical logic. In the end, an interpretation of classical propositional logic in the propositional part ofKC
p
is given. 相似文献
179.
In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated long-term repetition priming effects in Serbian under crossalphabet and cross-modal
conditions. In both experiments, results followed the same pattern: significant priming in all conditions and no significant
reduction in priming in the cross-modal as opposed to the cross-alphabet condition. These results are different from those
obtained in English (Experiment 3), in which a modality shift led to a reduction in priming. The findings are discussed within
a theoretical framework, in which long-term priming is a by-product of learning within the language system. A full list of
word stimuli for all three experiments presented in this article can be found at www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
180.
Anchoring theory (Gilchrist et al, 1999 Psychological Review 106 795-834) predicts a wide range of lightness errors, including failures of constancy in multi-illumination scenes and a long list of well-known lightness illusions seen under homogeneous illumination. Lightness values are computed both locally and globally and then averaged together. Local values are computed within a given region of homogeneous illumination. Thus, for an object that extends through two different illumination levels, anchoring theory produces two values, one for the patch in brighter illumination and one for the patch in dimmer illumination. Observers can give matches for these patches separately, but they can also give a single match for the whole object. Anchoring theory in its current form is unable to predict these object matches. We report eight experiments in which we studied the relationship between patch matches and object matches. The results show that the object match represents a compromise between the match for the patch in the field of highest illumination and the patch in the largest field of illumination. These two principles are parallel to the rules found for anchoring lightness: highest luminance rule and area rule. 相似文献