Can implicit appraisal concepts produce emotion-specific effects? A focus on unfairness and anger

This research examined whether the non-conscious activation of an implicit appraisal concept could affect responses associated with the corresponding emotion as predicted by appraisal theories. Explicit and implicit emotional responses were examined. We focused on implicit unfairness and its effect on anger. The results show that subliminal activation of implicit unfairness affected implicit anger responses (anger facial expression and latency responses to anger words) but not explicit anger feelings (i.e., reported anger). The non-conscious effect of implicit unfairness was specific to anger, as no effect on sadness, fear, and guilt was found.     

Practice Precedes Theory: Doing Bioethics “Naturally” Is There an Ethicist in the House?: On the Cutting Edge of Bioethics

Jonathan Moreno argues that a pragmatic approach is the best approach for bioethicists and health care practitioners to use when confronted with difficult ethical problems. There is no one formula to which to appeal in determining which course of action is right or wrong when making decisions about hastening or prolonging life, for example. Instead the best decision that can be expected under the circumstances emerges as the result of a slow process of consensus building, negotiation, and compromise. Decision makers' interpretive and reflective skills need to be strengthened to achieve this type of ethical decision.     

动态颅内压监测技术的进展

动态颅内压（ICP）监测是重危颅脑疾病病人脑功能的监测技术之一,对颅高压病人的临床诊断、指导治疗和判断预后都有着重要的意义。多种颅内压监测方法被使用于临床。本文综述近年来颅内压监测方法的进展,着重介绍创伤性和非创伤性颅内压监测法,比较其优缺点,评价其临床价值及发展方向。     

Group entity belief: an individual difference construct based on implicit theories of social identities

ABSTRACT Drawing from the implicit theories framework of Dweck (1986) , we propose a new construct called Group Entity Belief (GEB), which is an individual difference construct reflecting the extent to which social identities are perceived as fixed and lasting aspects of the self. In this research, we tested the overarching hypothesis that high GEB is associated with stronger social identity effects. First, we examined the relationships between GEB and classic group-related variables such as collective self-esteem, commitment, and social identification. Second, we tested how much GEB predicts group-related outcome variables. Finally, we examined how GEB is associated with variables pertaining to past in-groups. These findings provide valuable insights into the psychological nature of GEB.     

学习障碍儿童情绪理解特点比较研究

本研究以90名学习障碍儿童和90名一般儿童为对象,采用表情图片和情境故事法, 探讨学习障碍儿童情绪理解特点.研究发现,学习障碍儿童在情绪理解方面存在一定缺陷,具体表现为:(1)表情识别能力差;(2)自我意识情绪识别水平低下;(3)混合情绪识别较差;(4)情绪原因理解落后;(5)情绪隐藏理解较差;(6)情绪改变理解水平低下.     

科学研究始于机会,还是始于问题或观察?

With the recent rise of the philosophy of scientific practices, SSK (Sociology of Scientific Knowledge), and feminist approaches to the philosophy of science, a new perspective is gradually coming into being, holding that the starting point for scientific research is opportunity. Opportunistic features in solar neutrino experiments, Opportunistic features of complexity studies emerging from economics, and the measurement of insects’ flight can prove the above perspective from different angels. It is important and significant to determine whether the starting point for scientific research is opportunity, a problem, or an observation. Translated by Tian Xiaofei from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Research), 2007, (1): 98–104     

共情特质的神经生物学基础

共情特质的个体差异是心理学研究领域中的一个重要主题。近些年来, 研究者开始关注导致人们共情能力高低有别的神经生物学基础问题。研究发现, 不论是情感共情特质还是认知共情特质, 其个体差异均在大脑进行共情反应、脑结构态及静息态功能连接上有所体现。它们共同说明, 人们的共情能力与其具身模仿能力, 情感加工能力及情绪理解能力密切相关。不仅如此, 共情特质也具有高度的可遗传性, 一些基因类型与该能力存在着紧密的关系。在今后的研究中, 需要扩展对共情特质结构的进一步认识, 关注环境和基因在影响共情特质上存在的交互作用, 并努力将理论研究成果应用于共情能力训练和提高的临床实践中。     

婚姻满意度对儿童心理适应性的影响:成人依恋、父母情绪表达、亲子依恋的多重中介作用

对390名小学4-6年级儿童及其父母进行问卷调查,考察父母婚姻满意度对儿童心理适应性的影响,以及成人依恋、父母情绪表达和亲子依恋的多重中介作用。结果表明:父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度分别通过6条途径影响儿童心理适应性:(1)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过父亲回避,父亲积极情绪表达,父子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(2)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过父亲回避,母亲积极情绪表达,母子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(3)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,父亲积极情绪表达,父子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(4)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,父子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(5)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,母子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(6)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,母亲积极情绪表达,母子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性。     

Evaluating the mind's eye: the metacognition of visual imagery

Can people evaluate phenomenal qualities of internally generated experiences, such as whether a mental image is vivid or detailed? This question exemplifies a problem of metacognition: How well do people know their own thoughts? In the study reported here, participants were instructed to imagine a specific visual pattern and rate its vividness, after which they were presented with an ambiguous rivalry display that consisted of the previously imagined pattern plus an orthogonal pattern. On individual trials, higher ratings of vividness predicted a greater likelihood that the imagined pattern would appear dominant when the participant was subsequently presented with the binocular rivalry display. Off-line self-report questionnaires measuring imagery vividness also predicted individual differences in the strength of imagery bias over the entire study. Perceptual bias due to mental imagery could not be attributed to demand characteristics, as no bias was observed on catch-trial presentations of mock rivalry displays. Our findings provide novel evidence that people have a good metacognitive understanding of their own mental imagery and can reliably evaluate the vividness of single episodes of imagination.