科学哲学中的社会科学因果性争论述评

自20世纪90年代以来,社会科学的因果性问题越来越引起科学哲学界的关注.一条比较鲜明的线索是,三大主要的因果性研究进路一以斯皮尔斯(Peter Spirtes)和格利默(Clark Glymour)为代表的贝叶斯网(Bayes-nets)进路;以伍德沃德(James Woodward)和豪斯曼(Daniel Hausman)为代表的模块性(modularity)与不变性(invariance)进路以及胡佛(Kevin Hoover)的功效性(efficacy)进路一的提出,以及卡特赖特分别对他们的批判和由此引起的争论.     

儿童拒绝敏感性与自我知觉的关系:一项交叉滞后研究

采用儿童拒绝敏感性问卷与儿童自我知觉量表对596名中小学儿童进行了为期一年的追踪调查,通过交叉滞后回归分析考察儿童拒绝敏感性与多种自我知觉间的预测关系。结果发现：（1）自我知觉的年级差异显著,初中儿童的自我知觉水平较低;（2）在两次测量中,拒绝敏感性与多种自我知觉均呈显著的负相关;（3）控制性别、年级以及自身稳定性之后,第一年的多种自我知觉均可以负向预测第二年的拒绝敏感性,而第一年的拒绝敏感性仅可以负向预测第二年的体貌及一般自我知觉;（4）年级调节了拒绝敏感性与一般和行为自我知觉间的纵向关系,并在小学与初中儿童中表现出不同的模式。研究证实自我知觉是儿童拒绝敏感性形成的重要原因之一,为儿童社会认知及心理健康的相关研究提供新的实证依据。     

创造性科学问题提出材料的编制及效度研究

本研究通过对收集的科学发明创造实例进行整理,测量,访谈,再测量,建立拥有多项指标的创造性科学问题提出材料库,以期为研究创造性科学问题提出提供有效的测试工具。在材料库的建立过程中,对问题提出中的原型启发效应进行了探讨,结果表明,原型对创造性问题提出具有稳定的启发效应,并且这种启发效应在具有理科背景的个体上有更明显的效果。此外,创造性科学问题提出分数不仅与创造性成就倾向显著相关,且在企业环境中也显示出了对于不同创造力群体的有效鉴别     

中文阅读中切词过程的年老化:眼动证据

研究包含两项实验考察中文阅读中的词切分是否受年老化影响。发现如下结果:(1)实验一显示,静态提示词汇正确边界(词间空格和词阴影条件)消极影响青年组总阅读时间的程度大于其对老年组的影响,静态提示词汇错误边界(非词空格)消极影响老年组总阅读时间的程度大于其对青年组的影响。(2)实验二显示,动态提示词汇正确边界(提示词n+1边界和提示词n边界)积极影响老年组总阅读时间的程度大于其对青年组的影响。(3)在眼动数据上,两项实验均发现呈现条件与组别交互影响凝视时间和跳读概率。总的来说,提示词汇(正确/错误)边界影响老年组句子阅读时间/眼动过程的模式不同于其对青年组的影响,说明中文阅读中的切词会受到年老化的影响。     

特质积极共情：一种高利他性的人格品质

特质积极共情是对他人积极情绪信息感受和分享的能力。目前对特质积极共情的研究刚刚起步,在相关概念内涵上还有待进一步丰富和检验。特质积极共情可以有效促进亲社会行为倾向和良好人际关系的形成,是一种高利他性的人格品质。未来研究中,需要在明确并丰富特质积极共情的内涵界定基础上,开发更为有效的测量工具,探讨其促进社会功能背后的作用机制,并开展提升积极共情能力的理论研究和教育实践。     

Impact pattern of dialectical thinking on perceived leadership training outcomes

This research examined the impact of dialectical thinking (DT) on perceived training outcomes in commercial leadership training using a quasi‐experimental design. Study 1 found that high‐DT individuals had better perceived on‐site training outcomes when compared with individuals with low DTs, regardless of training methods. But there was no significant difference between low and high DTs on subsequent behavioral improvements. It was also found that self‐reported training outcomes were consistent with others' observation. To further validate the on‐site effect of DT, we introduced a cognitive style manipulation prior to training to increase DT levels among trainees in Study 2. Individuals following the cognitive style manipulation reported significantly better perceived training outcomes. The implications of this research for field training are discussed.     

Sixteen-Session Group Treatment for Children and Adolescents With Parental Alienation and Their Parents

This study reports the findings of a 16-session parallel group therapy program for 22 children with parental alienation and their parents. The children's level of anxiety and depression decreased significantly following the therapeutic intervention. Families who had participated in the treatment protocol were found to have improved practical parameters of parental collaboration 12 months following the completion of treatment than a control group of families with parental alienation treated with standard community treatment. Parental object relation scores were negatively correlated with children's level of anxiety and depression at pretreatment and with the decrease in anxiety and depression level along the treatment.     

The sufficiency and necessity of appraisals for negative emotions

Past appraisal studies have shown that single appraisals are neither sufficient nor necessary for emotions but no study has examined the same issue with appraisal configurations (combinations of different single appraisals). Undergraduate participants repeatedly indicated their negative emotions (anger, sadness, fear, and guilt) and relevant appraisals as they occurred, or immediately after, in their everyday environments. The results not only replicated past findings on single appraisals but also suggested that appraisal configurations are neither sufficient nor necessary for these negative emotions.     

Coaching Behaviors,Satisfaction of Needs,and Intrinsic Motivation Among Chinese University Athletes

This cross-sectional study applied self-determination theory to understand the relationship between coaching behaviors, psychological need satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation among young Chinese athletes from 2 universities in Macao, China (N = 208). In the path model with the demographics adjusted, coaching behaviors (training instruction, democratic behaviors, autocratic behaviors, social support, and positive feedback) and need satisfaction (perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness) explained 44% of the variance in intrinsic motivation. We also found indirect effects of some coaching behaviors on intrinsic motivation through satisfying the psychological needs. Furthermore, independent self-construal significantly moderated the relationship between perceived relatedness and intrinsic motivation.