自然主义思潮中的科学实践哲学:进路及其问题

It is the continuity between epistemology and empirical science that the naturalism in contemporary philosophy of science emphasizes. After its individual and social dimensions, the philosophy of scientific practice takes a stand on naturalism in order to observe complex scientific activities through practice. However, regarding the naturalism’s problem of normativity, the philosophy of scientific practice today has deconstructed more than it has constructed.     

化德性为规范:西方的理论尝试及其批评

德性伦理学是古希腊伦理学的传统.但自近代以来,德性伦理学先后发生了两次规范化运动.一次是以功利主义和康德伦理学为代表的规范伦理学取代了德性伦理学的主导地位;一次是20世纪50年代以来兴起的德性伦理学复归运动中,德性伦理学内部阵营中出现的规范化的理论动向.德性伦理学的两次规范化运动都不可避免地面临着理论上的批评.德性伦理规范化引致的理论思考是:在现代社会中,德性伦理是否必要,如何可能.     

图形用户界面环境中的鼠标操作活动分析

本研究探讨GUI环境中目标的方向、大小和距离对鼠标指点定位和拖动操作的影响。实验结果表明 ,鼠标指点定位和拖动操作的MT随着目标距离的增加而增加 ,随着目标的增大而减小 ,但下降率呈递减趋势。对于指点定位任务 ,目标方向对鼠标操作的MT有影响 ,而对于拖动操作任务 ,这一影响不明显。总体上 ,以上 3个因素交互地影响鼠标操作的MT。根据本实验数据 ,我们为上述两种常规鼠标操作任务建立了 8个方向的费茨模型。这些结果有助于GUI的工效学设计。     

运动员与大学生两类人群间内隐攻击性的实验研究

本研究采用IAT测量两类人群(即普通高校大学生与专业运动员)的内隐攻击性并且比较其内隐攻击性在程度上是否存在差异.研究发现个体在攻击性行为倾向上表现出自动化的特征,并且两类人群间内隐攻击性在程度上差异显著,普通大学生和专业运动员的内隐攻击性在性别方面差异不显著.     

Effectiveness of <Reasoning and rehabilitation> in reducing reoffending

This article aims to review the effectiveness of the program in reducing recidivism. Nineteen evaluations (involving 32 separate comparisons) were located in which experimental and control groups were compared. A meta-analysis showed that, overall, there was a significant 14% decrease in recidivism for program participants compared to controls. This program was effective in Canada and the United Kingdom but not in the United States. It was effective in community and institutional settings, whether or not it was given on a voluntary basis, and for low-risk and high-risk offenders. However, the program was more effective in older studies than in more recent evaluations.     

回溯式时距估计的动态性及心理机制

时间流逝过程中, 回溯式时距估计动态性体现在短时延迟和长时发展两个方面。前者聚焦秒、分级的延迟, 将其归为背景变化或由目标时距引发的认知差异; 后者聚焦跨年龄(如婴儿、儿童到成年)的个体发展, 认为主要是信息加工速度的差异。最后, 从综合视角出发, 认为其动态性可能是由不同时距信息心理表征的差异造成的, 这体现时间认知的分段综合性。未来需以时间流逝的动态视角开展回溯式时距估计的心理表征研究, 深入探讨与目标时距紧密相关的计时策略在回溯式时距估计中的作用, 并扩展年龄、人格类型等个体差异方面的动态特征研究。     

科学哲学中的规范性研究述评

科学哲学的规范性研究包括规范性认识论和规范性问题两个基本论题的研究。一般来说,非自然主义科学哲学是理论优位的基础主义的规范学科,旨在形成规范性认识论。但规范性认识论寻求认知基础失败而陷入困境。20世纪60年代,奎因(W.V.O.Quine)旨在摆脱基础主义认识论困境提出认识论的自然化,使自然化的科学哲学面临规范性问题。所谓规范性问题,主要指的是关于事实的经验科学与关于行为的规范科学之间的关系问题。它首先由英国哲学家休谟提出,并提升为“是”与“应该”的关系问题。休谟由此推出著名的休谟法则,即从“是”不可能推出“应该”来…     

空间行为关系类比匹配中客体相似性的作用

客体相似性在类比匹配中的作用,是一直存在着争论的问题。该研究通过交叉匹配结合与分离的材料设计,控制类比源和类比目标之间不同相似性,探讨了客体相似性在儿童和成人空间行为关系类比匹配中的作用。实验一通过让儿童和成人完成单目标匹配任务,检验客体相似性对儿童和成人类比匹配影响的不同。实验二采用眼动技术对客体相似性在成人类比匹配过程中的作用进行分区域探讨。结果发现,客体相似性影响儿童空间行为关系类比匹配的成绩,但不影响成人的成绩。成人类比匹配的过程受到结合在关系结构之内的客体相似性的影响。我们提出优先-限制调整观点解释客体相似性在类比匹配中的作用。     

Effects of interactional justice on egocentric bias in resource allocation decisions

Three studies demonstrated that interactional justice was able to attenuate egocentric bias, i.e., the tendency to regard a larger share for oneself as fair. Study 1, an experimental study of negotiation, showed that fair interpersonal treatment led to a smaller egocentric bias, quicker settlements, and fewer stalemates. Study 2 showed that fair treatment was related to a smaller egocentric bias in a real-life context. University students were more willing to accept a higher tuition fee and less willing to cut the salary of their teachers if the interpersonal treatment received from the teachers was more positive. Study 3 showed experimentally that in support of fairness heuristic theory, when the fair interpersonal treatment received could be attributed externally, its attenuating effect on the egocentric bias disappeared.     

Sixteen-Session Group Treatment for Children and Adolescents With Parental Alienation and Their Parents

This study reports the findings of a 16-session parallel group therapy program for 22 children with parental alienation and their parents. The children's level of anxiety and depression decreased significantly following the therapeutic intervention. Families who had participated in the treatment protocol were found to have improved practical parameters of parental collaboration 12 months following the completion of treatment than a control group of families with parental alienation treated with standard community treatment. Parental object relation scores were negatively correlated with children's level of anxiety and depression at pretreatment and with the decrease in anxiety and depression level along the treatment.