关于高校多媒体教学影响因素的建模与分析

基于相关认知理论和前人研究结果建立了多媒体教学环境下教师授课、学生学习和学习绩效因素结构模型。采用问卷和量表法获取在杭6所高校的多媒体教学实践数据,验证性因素分析的结果证实了3个假设模型的适宜性和合理性。文章以所建的3个模型为框架,用多媒体学习认知理论和认知负荷理论分析了当前高校多媒体教学状况,并为高校多媒体教学发展提出了相应的心理学建议。     

工作记忆训练诱发的神经可塑性——基于系列fMRI实验的脑区分布递减时空模型

工作记忆训练(Working Memory Training, WMT)诱发神经可塑性, 但其具体机制尚不明晰。为探索WMT改变正常人群大脑功能的时空特性, 以“扩展的智力顶额整合理论”和“神经效率假说”为依据, 采用逐层递进的5种方法, 分6个步骤来查究近20年来正常人群WMT的37篇fMRI文献。第一步, 用叙述性综述、频数分析和卡方检验法比较脑区激活模式和脑网络功能连接在WMT前后发生的改变, 发现WMT改变了大脑的5个联合区、7个宏观区和3个子区。其中, 额上回、顶下小叶和扣带回这3个子区各自激活减弱的报道文献数量多于其激活增强的, 且这种差异分别具有统计学意义。第二步, 采用激活似然估计法对其中26篇开展元分析, 发现大脑的3个子区激活减弱水平在WMT前后的差异具有统计学意义, 即额中回(BA6和8)、额上回(BA6)和前扣带回(BA24和32)。第三步, 综合定性和定量分析结果, 提出WMT脑区分布递减时空模型, 产生5个结果和讨论。第四步, 采用非参数检验进一步追踪WMT效应的调节因素, 发现训练的任务类型和时间分别对脑区激活的影响具有统计学意义。第五步, 针对正常人群WMT诱发神经可塑性的时空特性, 得出3个结论：第一, WMT改变了正常人群相应脑区的神经活动, 表现为减弱或增强, 但减弱更加突出, 且更新和较短时间的WMT倾向于诱发较多减弱; 第二, 这些神经活动变化主要发生在额顶叶联合区, 但也包括分别以颞叶、枕叶、扣带回及纹状体为主的联合区, 在一定范围内体现了整脑功能联合。这体现了WMT诱发神经可塑性的空间特性, 且符合“扩展的智力顶额整合理论”; 第三, 额中回、额上回、顶下小叶和扣带回(尤其前扣带回)这4个子区在激活减弱水平上重点展示了WMT神经可塑性的时间特性, 且符合“神经效率假说”, 恰好体现出“聪明的大脑更懒惰”。第六步, 指出WMT诱发神经可塑性的未来研究可能关注脑可塑性中的低活跃性、辨析额中回、额上回、顶下小叶和扣带回(尤其前扣带回)这4个子区在激活减弱水平上体现的时间特性、找寻训练减弱或增强大脑活动的综合性影响因素。     

The Mother Teresa Effect: Counterproductive Effects of Touching an Altruist’s Possessions on Charitable Giving

Charities that recruit famous humanitarians, or obtain celebrity endorsements, may promote products associated with these altruistic superstars in an effort to increase donations. Previous research supports that “superstar” role models can promote desirable behavior. Charitable organizations may assume if people handle a product associated with a famous humanitarian, they will be inspired and more motivated to donate as a result. An opposite possibility is that physically handling reminders of an extreme altruist may result in contrast effects. Such positive exemplars may result in more negative perceptions of one’s own charitable behavior, and decrease the perceived efficacy of one’s own contributions. In two studies, participants did or did not touch items said to have belonged to a very altruistic person (Experiment 1) or to Mother Teresa (Experiment 2). Compared to participants in non-touch and other control conditions, those who physically touched items said to belong to an altruist subsequently donated fewer raffle tickets to charity. The results are related to theories of perceived efficacy, metacognitive processes, and the counterproductive influence of extremely positive role models.     

Can implicit appraisal concepts produce emotion-specific effects? A focus on unfairness and anger

This research examined whether the non-conscious activation of an implicit appraisal concept could affect responses associated with the corresponding emotion as predicted by appraisal theories. Explicit and implicit emotional responses were examined. We focused on implicit unfairness and its effect on anger. The results show that subliminal activation of implicit unfairness affected implicit anger responses (anger facial expression and latency responses to anger words) but not explicit anger feelings (i.e., reported anger). The non-conscious effect of implicit unfairness was specific to anger, as no effect on sadness, fear, and guilt was found.     

Emotion and Appraisal Profiles of the Needs for Competence and Relatedness

This study examined the emotion and appraisal correlates of the needs for Competence and Relatedness. Using experience-sampling, fluctuations of competence and relatedness throughout a day's period were found to correspond to fluctuations in emotions and appraisals in ways theoretically consistent with the self-determination theory (Deci &; Ryan, 2000 Deci , E. L. , &; Ryan , R. M. ( 2000 ). The “what” and “why” of goal-pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior . Psychological Inquiry , 11 , 227 – 268 .[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Each need was related in specific ways to the six emotions examined (anger, sadness, fear, guilt, shame, and joy) and, more interesting, was characterized by a specific appraisal-profile. Implications of these findings for needs processes are discussed.     

Practice Precedes Theory: Doing Bioethics “Naturally” Is There an Ethicist in the House?: On the Cutting Edge of Bioethics

Jonathan Moreno argues that a pragmatic approach is the best approach for bioethicists and health care practitioners to use when confronted with difficult ethical problems. There is no one formula to which to appeal in determining which course of action is right or wrong when making decisions about hastening or prolonging life, for example. Instead the best decision that can be expected under the circumstances emerges as the result of a slow process of consensus building, negotiation, and compromise. Decision makers' interpretive and reflective skills need to be strengthened to achieve this type of ethical decision.     

公共卫生资源配置的伦理目标

公共卫生资源配置是医疗卫生体制的核心,在医疗卫生事业的改革和发展中起着关键的基础性作用。公共卫生资源配置不仅要从技术操作层面解决公平性问题,更为重要的是,在公共卫生资源配置过程中,我们应秉持公平的价值取向和伦理诉求,确立以权利的公平、分配的公平和制度的公平为主要内容的公共卫生资源配置伦理目标。     

动态颅内压监测技术的进展

动态颅内压（ICP）监测是重危颅脑疾病病人脑功能的监测技术之一,对颅高压病人的临床诊断、指导治疗和判断预后都有着重要的意义。多种颅内压监测方法被使用于临床。本文综述近年来颅内压监测方法的进展,着重介绍创伤性和非创伤性颅内压监测法,比较其优缺点,评价其临床价值及发展方向。     

Group entity belief: an individual difference construct based on implicit theories of social identities

ABSTRACT Drawing from the implicit theories framework of Dweck (1986) , we propose a new construct called Group Entity Belief (GEB), which is an individual difference construct reflecting the extent to which social identities are perceived as fixed and lasting aspects of the self. In this research, we tested the overarching hypothesis that high GEB is associated with stronger social identity effects. First, we examined the relationships between GEB and classic group-related variables such as collective self-esteem, commitment, and social identification. Second, we tested how much GEB predicts group-related outcome variables. Finally, we examined how GEB is associated with variables pertaining to past in-groups. These findings provide valuable insights into the psychological nature of GEB.