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21.
Goto K Imura T Tomonaga M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2012,38(2):125-138
We examined the perceptions of emergent configurations in humans and chimpanzees using a target-localization task. The stimulus display consisted of a target placed among multiple identical distractors. The target and distractors were presented either solely, within congruent contexts in which salient configurations emerge, or within incongruent contexts in which salient configurations do not emerge. We found that congruent contexts had similar facilitative effects on target localization by humans and chimpanzees, whereas similar disruptive effects emerged when the stimuli were presented within incongruent contexts. When display size was manipulated, targets under the congruent-context condition were localized in a parallel manner, but those under the no-context and incongruent-context conditions were localized in a serial manner by both species. These results suggest that both humans and chimpanzees perceive emergent configurations when targets and distractors are presented within certain congruent contexts and that they process such emergent configurations preattentively. 相似文献
22.
Tomonaga M 《Animal cognition》2008,11(1):43-57
Two adult chimpanzees were trained on a relative “numerosity” discrimination task. In each trial, two arrays containing different
numbers of red dots were presented on a CRT monitor. The subjects were required to choose the array containing the larger
number of dots. In Experiment 1, using numerosities between 1 and 8, 28 different pairs were presented repeatedly, and accuracy
scores were analyzed to explore which cues the chimpanzee subjects utilized to perform the task. Multiple regression analyses
revealed that the subjects’ performance was (1) not simply controlled by the “numerical” difference between arrays, but that
it was (2) best described by Fechner’s Law–that is accuracy increased linearly with the logarithmic value of the numerical
difference between arrays divided by the number in the larger of the two arrays. This relationship was maintained when using
much larger numerosities (Experiment 3). In Experiment 2, the chimpanzees were tested on the effects of total area and density
by manipulating dot size and presentation area. The results revealed that these factors clearly affected the subjects’ performance
but that they could not alone explain the results, suggesting that the chimpanzees did use relative numerosity difference
as a discriminative cue. 相似文献
23.
This paper provides evidence for imitative abilities in neonatal chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), our closest relatives. Two chimpanzees were reared from birth by their biological mothers. At less than 7 days of age the chimpanzees could discriminate between, and imitate, human facial gestures (tongue protrusion and mouth opening). By the time they were 2 months old, however, the chimpanzees no longer imitated the gestures. They began to perform mouth opening frequently in response to any of the three facial gestures presented to them. These findings suggest that neonatal facial imitation is most likely an innate ability, developed through natural selection in humans and in chimpanzees. The relationship between the disappearance of neonatal imitation and the development of social communicative behavior is discussed from an evolutionary perspective. 相似文献
24.
We introduced a new technique to investigate the development of scribbling in very young infants. We tested three infant chimpanzees to compare the developmental processes of scribbling between humans and chimpanzees. While human infants start to scribble on paper at around the age of 18 months, our 13- to 23-month-old infant chimpanzees had never been observed scribbling prior to this study. We used a notebook computer with a touch-sensitive screen. This apparatus was able to record the location of the subjects touches on the screen. Each touch generated a fingertip-sized dot at the corresponding on-screen location. During spontaneous interactions with this apparatus, all three infants and two mother chimpanzees left scribbles with their fingers on the screen. The scribbles contained not only simple dots or short lines, but also curves and hook-like lines or loops, most of which were observed in the instrumental drawings of adult chimpanzees. The results suggest that perceptual-motor control for finger drawing develops in infant chimpanzees. Two of the infants performed their first scribble with a marker on paper at the age of 20–23 months. Just prior to this, they showed a rapid increase in combinatory manipulation of objects. These findings suggest that the development of combinatory manipulation of objects as well as that of perceptual-motor control may be necessary for the emergence of instrumental drawing on paper. 相似文献
25.
The processing of Kanizsa-square illusory figures was studied in two experiments with four humans and two chimpanzees. Subjects
of the two species were initially trained to select a Kanizsa-square illusory figure presented in a computerized two-alternative
forced choice task. After training, adding narrow closing segments to the pacman inducers that composed the Kanisza illusory
figures lowered performance in both chimpanzees and humans, suggesting that the discrimination could be controlled by the
perception of illusory forms. A second experiment assessed transfer of performance with five sets of figures in which the
size of the inducers and their separation were manipulated. Only for chimpanzees was performance directly controlled by separation,
suggesting that chimpanzees are more sensitive than humans to the separation between visual elements.
Accepted after revision: 15 August 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
26.
The development of visual interaction between mother and infant has received much attention in developmental psychology, not only in humans, but also in non-human primates. Recently, comparative developmental approaches have investigated whether the mechanisms that underlie these behaviors are common in primates. In the present study, we focused on the question of whether chimpanzee mother and infant replace physical contact with visual contact. To test this hypothesis, we measured non-synchronous looking ('looking') between mother and infant. A unique setting, in which the mother chimpanzee stayed in one location and the infant chimpanzee moved freely, allowed us to analyze the relation between the visual interaction and the distance of a mother-infant pair during the first year of life. Our results showed that 'looking' increased when body contact decreased or when the distance between mother and infant increased. We also show a behavioral sequence of typical 'secure base' behavior, a behavior characterized by the infant regularly returning to its mother when exploring the environment. These findings imply that attachment between mother and infant chimpanzee appears to develop in a similar fashion as in humans. 相似文献
27.
Ikuma Adachi Hiroko Kuwahata Kazuo Fujita Masaki Tomonaga Tetsuro Matsuzawa 《Developmental science》2009,12(3):446-452
In a previous study, Adachi, Kuwahata, Fujita, Tomonaga & Matsuzawa demonstrated that infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) form cross‐modal representations of conspecifics but not of humans. However, because the subjects in the experiment were raised in a large social group and had considerably less exposure to humans than to conspecifics, it was an open question whether their lack of cross‐modal representation of humans simply reflected their lower levels of exposure to humans or was caused by some innate restrictions on the ability. To answer the question, we used the same procedure but tested infant Japanese macaques with more extensive experience of humans in daily life. Briefly, we presented monkeys with a photograph of either a monkey or a human face on an LCD monitor after playing a vocalization of one of these two species. The subjects looked at the monitor longer when a voice and a face were mismatched than when they were matched, irrespective of whether the preceding vocalization was a monkey's or a human's. This suggests that once monkeys have extensive experience with humans, they will form a cross‐modal representation of humans as well as of conspecifics. 相似文献
28.
The stream/bounce display represents an ambiguous motion event in which two identical visual objects move toward one another and the objects overlap completely before they pass each another. In our perception, they can be interpreted as either streaming past one another or bouncing off each other. Previous studies have shown that the streaming percept of the display is generic for humans, suggesting the inertial nature of the motion integration process. In this study, chimpanzees took part in behavioral experiments using an object-tracking task to reveal the characteristics of their stream/bounce perception. Chimpanzees did not show a tendency toward a dominant "stream" perception of the stream/bounce stimulus. However, depth cues, such as X-junctions and local motion coherence, did promote the stream percept in chimpanzees. These results suggest both similarities and differences between chimpanzees and humans with respect to motion integration and object individuation processes. 相似文献
29.
Kawakami K Kawakami F Tomonaga M Kishimoto T Minami T Takai-Kawakami K 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(2):264-269
Twenty-two pairs of typically developing toddlers (M = 24.32 months) and their mothers were observed in a play-room solving puzzles during 30 min. The target of the observations was hand-taking gesture. Researchers have thought that this gesture is rare among typically developing children and is more frequent among autistic children. Ten in 22 children showed this gesture in only 30 min. They should know “I can not do it by myself, but my mother can do it.” When we can assume that children know others’ mental mechanism, it might be the origins of a theory of mind. 相似文献
30.
The ability of non-human primates to follow the gaze of other individuals has recently received much attention in comparative
cognition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emergence of this ability in a chimpanzee infant. The infant
was trained to look at one of two objects, which an experimenter indicated by one of four different cue conditions: (1) tapping
on the target object with a finger; (2) pointing to the target object with a finger; (3) gazing at the target object with
head orientation; or (4) glancing at the target object without head orientation. The subject was given food rewards independently
of its responses under the first three conditions, so that its responses to the objects were not influenced by the rewards.
The glancing condition was tested occasionally, without any reinforcement. By the age of 13 months, the subject showed reliable
following responses to the object that was indicated by the various cues, including glancing alone. Furthermore, additional
tests clearly showed that the subject's performance was controlled by the "social" properties of the experimenter-given cues
but not by the non-social, local-enhancing peripheral properties.
Electronic Publication 相似文献