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41.
Young human children at around 2 years of age fail to predict the correct location of an object when it is dropped from the top of an S-shape opaque tube. They search in the location just below the releasing point (Hood, 1995). This type of error, called a 'gravity bias', has recently been reported in dogs and monkeys. In the present study, we investigated whether young and adult chimpanzees also show such a gravity bias in a modified version of the original opaque-tube task. The original task by Hood and colleagues required the subject to search in a location after the object had fallen, while in the task reported here, subjects were required to predict the location before the object was dropped. Thus the present procedure does not involve explicit invisible displacement operations, one of the important components of the original procedure. In Experiment 1 both young (1.5-2.5-year-old) and adult chimpanzees predicted the location of falling food items below the releasing point even when crossed tubes were used. These gravity errors remained after the extensive experience of using the tubes themselves. Experiment 2 further tested adult and 4-year-old chimpanzees under the set-up in which the straight and crossed tubes were simultaneously presented. The results were the same as those in the previous test, suggesting that developmental changes and learning effect do not affect the gravity bias in chimpanzees. 相似文献
42.
Adjustments to local friction in multifinger prehension 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The authors studied the effects of surface friction at the digit-object interface on digit forces and moments when 12 participants statically held an object in a 5-digit grasp. The authors changed low-friction contact (LFC) with rayon and high-friction contact (HFC) with sandpaper independently for each digit in all 32 possible combinations. Normal forces of the thumb and virtual finger (VF), an imagined finger with a mechanical effect equal to that of the 4 fingers, increased with the thumb at LFC or with an increase in the number of fingers at LFC. When the thumb was at LFC, the thumb tangential force decreased. The VF tangential force decreased when the number of fingers at LFC increased. The interaction of the local responses to friction and the synergic responses necessary to maintain the equilibrium explain the coordination of individual digit forces. 相似文献
43.
Haruhiko Ogasawara 《Psychometrika》2007,72(2):227-243
Higher-order approximations to the distributions of fit indexes for structural equation models under fixed alternative hypotheses
are obtained in nonnormal samples as well as normal ones. The fit indexes include the normal-theory likelihood ratio chi-square
statistic for a posited model, the corresponding statistic for the baseline model of uncorrelated observed variables, and
various fit indexes as functions of these two statistics. The approximations are given by the Edgeworth expansions for the
distributions of the fit indexes under arbitrary distributions. Numerical examples in normal and nonnormal samples with the
asymptotic and simulated distributions of the fit indexes show the relative inappropriateness of the normal-theory approximation
using noncentral chi-square distributions. A simulation for the confidence intervals of the fit indexes based on the normal-theory
Studentized estimators under normality with a small sample size indicates an advantage for the approximation by the Cornish–Fisher
expansion over those by the noncentral chi-square distribution and the asymptotic normality.
The author is indebted to the reviewers for their comments and suggestions, which have led to the improvement of the previous
versions of this paper. This work was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry
of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. 相似文献
44.
Different languages map semantic elements of spatial relations onto different lexical and syntactic units. These crosslinguistic differences raise important questions for language development in terms of how this variation is learned by children. We investigated how Turkish-, English-, and Japanese-speaking children (mean age 3;8) package the semantic elements of Manner and Path onto syntactic units when both the Manner and the Path of the moving Figure occur simultaneously and are salient in the event depicted. Both universal and language-specific patterns were evident in our data. Children used the semantic-syntactic mappings preferred by adult speakers of their own languages, and even expressed subtle syntactic differences that encode different relations between Manner and Path in the same way as their adult counterparts (i.e., Manner causing vs. incidental to Path). However, not all types of semantics-syntax mappings were easy for children to learn (e.g., expressing Manner and Path elements in two verbal clauses). In such cases, Turkish- and Japanese-speaking children frequently used syntactic patterns that were not typical in the target language but were similar to patterns used by English-speaking children, suggesting some universal influence. Thus, both language-specific and universal tendencies guide the development of complex spatial expressions. 相似文献
45.
Haruhiko Ogasawara 《The Japanese psychological research》2020,62(3):196-205
For the fixed-effects three-parameter logistic model in item response theory, the necessary and sufficient condition of the model identification is presented synthesizing known results. An optimal transformation of parameters for model identification in Maris's unidentified case to remove or reduce the skewness of abilities is shown. In many cases, the vanishing skewnesses are obtained in the possible range of transformation for parameters with some improvements in the test response and information functions. 相似文献
46.
Cohn AM Cameron AY Udo T Hagman BT Mitchell J Bramm S Ehlke S 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2012,26(2):318-324
Problem drinkers may use alcohol to avoid negative mood states and may develop implicit cognitive associations between negative emotional states and reinforcing properties of drinking. It is paradoxical that attempts to control drinking, such as among those high in drinking restraint, may inadvertently increase desire to drink and subsequent alcohol consumption, and this may be exaggerated under times of emotional distress when urges to drink are high. We examined whether individuals who are high on drinking restraint would demonstrate stronger alcohol-related thoughts elicited by stimuli that represent the desire to use alcohol, in response to stronger versus weaker negative mood arousal. Seventy hazardous drinkers completed measurements of drinking restraint, alcohol consumption, and consequences of use. After being randomized to view negative or positive pictures sets, participants completed an Implicit Association Task (IAT) to test differences in the strength of the association between desire to approach or avoid alcohol or water cues, and then a measurement of subjective craving following the IAT. Regression analyses showed that trait restriction not temptation was positively related to IAT scores, after controlling for relevant covariates and explained 7% of the total variance. Trait temptation not IAT predicted subjective craving. Negative affect was unrelated to IAT scores, singly or in conjunction with measures of drinking restraint, contrary to predictions. In sum, implicit alcohol cognitions are related to attempts to restrict drinking not temptation to drink and are less strongly influenced by mood state. 相似文献
47.
Brain lateralization has been the matter of extensive research over the last centuries, but it remains an unsolved issue.
While hand preferences have been extensively studied, very few studies have investigated laterality of eye use in non-human
primates. We examined eye preference in 14 Campbell’s monkeys (Cercopithecus c. campbelli). We assessed eye preference to look at a seed placed inside a tube using monocular vision. Eye use was recorded for 100
independent and non-rewarded trials per individual. All of the 14 monkeys showed very strong preferences in the choice of
the eye used to look inside the tube (mean preference: 97.6%). Eight subjects preferred the right eye and six subjects preferred
the left eye. The results are discussed in light of previous data on eye preference in primates, and compared to data on hand
preference from these subjects. Our findings would support the hypothesis for an early emergence of lateralization for perceptual
processes compared to manual motor functions. 相似文献
48.
Haruhiko Ogasawara 《Psychometrika》2001,66(3):421-436
The asymptotic standard errors of the correlation residuals and Bentler's standardized residuals in covariance structures are derived based on the asymptotic covariance matrix of raw covariance residuals. Using these results, approximations of the asymptotic standard errors of the root mean square residuals for unstandardized or standardized residuals are derived by the delta method. Further, in mean structures, approximations of the asymptotic standard errors of residuals, standardized residuals and their summary statistics are derived in a similar manner. Simulations are carried out, which show that the asymptotic standard errors of the various types of residuals and the root mean square residuals in covariance, correlation and mean structures are close to actual ones.The author is indebted to the reviewers for their comments and suggestions which have led to an improvement of this work. 相似文献
49.
Is there any "free" choice? Self and dissonance in two cultures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Four experiments provided support for the hypothesis that upon making a choice, individuals justify their choice in order to eliminate doubts about culturally sanctioned aspects of the self, namely, competence and efficacy in North America and positive appraisal by other people in Japan. Japanese participants justified their choice (by increasing liking for chosen items and decreasing liking for rejected items) in the standard free-choice dissonance paradigm only when self-relevant others were primed, either by questionnaires (Studies 1-3) or by incidental exposure to schematic faces (Study 4). In the absence of these social cues, Japanese participants showed no dissonance effect. In contrast, European Americans justified their choices regardless of the social-cue manipulations. Implications for cognitive dissonance theory are discussed. 相似文献
50.
Sugimura T 《Perceptual and motor skills》2006,102(3):654-664
The effects of gender-relevant facial features and hairstyles on discrimination of sex of photographed men and women were examined. The stimuli were 36 photographs of natural faces: 9 masculine-males, 9 feminine-males, 9 masculine-females, and 9 feminine-females. Each of the nine faces had one of three hairstyles, hair concealed, short hair, or long hair. 33 children (M age=5:10) and 28 adults were asked to identify the sex of each stimulus. Children had difficulties with cross-gender faces and cross-gender hairstyles, such as a feminine-male face with long hair. Adults' discriminations were accurate except for masculine-female faces, while children's decisions depended both on hairstyle and internal facial features. Children's discriminations might be based both on their perceptual skill in detecting critical visual features and their knowledge of men and women. 相似文献