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61.
Three experiments examined the hypothesis that in an asymmetric social dilemma, perceived fairness of the distribution promotes cooperation. In support of the hypothesis, Studies 1 and 2 showed that willingness to voluntarily and anonymously pay for child care was related to ratings of perceived fairness of equal and equitable distributions of the quality of child care when it was a public good (provided by the municipality) or a market good (provided by a private business). Study 1 also showed that an equal distribution of the public good was perceived to be fairer than an equal distribution of the market good, whereas the reverse was true for an equitable distribution. Study 2 showed that when quality differences were explicit, an equitable distribution was perceived as fairer than an equal distribution. Study 3 showed that an equitable distribution of quantity of child care was perceived to be fairer and increased willingness to pay as compared to an equal distribution. 相似文献
62.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether and how preference for current mood is related to the valence and activation dimensions of core affect. In Study 1, 100 undergraduates rated valence and activation of their naturally occurring current mood and preference for this mood. In Study 2, another 90 undergraduates performed the same ratings for various induced moods. The results showed as expected that preference for current mood is related to both valence and activation. Whereas the relation to valence is direct, the relation to activation is invertedly U-shaped with a maximum that increases with valence. 相似文献
63.
64.
Oddvar Skjæveland Tommy Gärling John Gunnar Mæland 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(3):413-435
The study reports the development of a short and easily administered questionnaire aiming at measuring dimensions of social
life within neighborhoods. Principal-components analysis consistently extracted four factors replicated in three independent
samples (N=96 to 1,060). The factors emerged as theoretically meaningful dimensions tapping the concepts of supportive acts
of neighboring, neighbor annoyance, neighborhood attachment, and weak social ties. Factor invariance and factor replicability
were high. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity yielded acceptable results. The principal
virtue of the measure is that it may be applied to discern qualitative differences between neighborhoods by simultaneous assessments
of several dimensions of neighboring.
This research was financially supported by The Norwegian National Research Council. We thank Jostein Rise for valuable comments,
and David R. Jacobs, Jr., and Melanie Young for advice in translating the questionnaire. 相似文献
65.
Robert Gillholm Dick Ettema Marcus Selart Tommy Grling 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1999,40(4):241-250
Two studies investigated how planning affects intention-behavior consistency. In Study 1 an experimental group and control group which each consisted of 14 undergraduates were requested in computerized interviews to indicate which activities they intended to perform on the following day. Subjects in the experimental group were also requested in a second phase of the interviews to specify when and where they intended to perform the activities. The results showed that activities for which time and place had been specified were more likely to be performed. In Study 2 another 75 undergraduates volunteered to participate in an experiment in which they were requested to perform an activity (reporting mood effects of reading a prose excerpt) by themselves on one of three following days. One group of subjects only agreed to perform the activity, another group agreed to perform the activity as well as indicated when and where they would do it, and a third group in addition to this indicated which other activities they would perform on the same day. In support of the hypothesis that planning an activity increases the likelihood that it will be performed, the results showed that subjects who indicated other activities more frequently performed the target activity. More efficient time management resulting from planning may account for the findings, although further research is needed to show this conclusively. 相似文献
66.
Daniel Eek Peter Loukopoulos Satoshi Fujii Tommy Grling 《European journal of social psychology》2002,32(6):801-813
This research investigates the role of intermittent monetary costs in restraining individuals from defection in social dilemmas. In Experiment 1, 104 car owners made fictitious choices between a slow and a fast travel mode in the context of a continuous social dilemma. There were four different conditions of monetary costs for choosing the fast mode (defection): no cost, low cost, high cost to self, or high cost to others. Participants defected most when there was no cost and least when they themselves were charged a high cost. A spill‐over effect was obtained such that when others were charged a high cost to defect, defection rates were lower than under no cost. Experiment 2 used 36 undergraduates as participants in an iterated decision task with real groups. The results replicated the major results of Experiment 1. Furthermore, whereas prosocials were strongly affected by intermittent costs for defection (i.e. showed large spill‐over effects), proselfs seemed to be unaffected. Possible explanations of this interaction effect between social value orientation and intermittent punishment for defection are provided. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
67.
Lars Eriksson Margareta Friman Tommy Grling 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2008,11(6):427-433
A survey is reported that requested work-commuters by car to state reasons that would make them reduce car use for the work commute. All participants (n = 1218) were employed by companies located in the center of a medium-size Swedish city (pop. 82,000). Among 76% of the car users (n = 602) who stated any reasons, the most frequent were improved public transport and work from home some days. Shorter travel times, an increased frequency of service and lower fares were the most frequent reasons for increasing public transport use. 相似文献
68.
Tommy M. Phillips 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2008,27(3):205-215
The Identity Style Inventory–Revised for a Sixth-Grade Reading Level (ISI-6G) was administered to samples of community college
students (N = 99) and middle school and high school students (N = 320). Tests of between-groups differences indicated that the college sample had a significantly lower mean diffuse-avoidant
score on the ISI-6G than the middle and high school sample. In terms of actual assignment to identity styles, college students
were significantly more likely to be classified as informational or normative, while the younger students were more likely
to be diffuse-avoidant. The mean ages of participants for each of the three identity styles were compared, and it was found
that diffuse-avoidant participants had the lowest mean age (15.54 years), while individuals with an informational orientation
had the highest mean age (17.20 years). Results suggest that, in general, identity style evolves with age and maturity and
the general trajectory or progression involves movement away from a diffuse-avoidant orientation. Findings are discussed in
terms of current knowledge of neurocognitive development during adolescence and early adulthood. 相似文献
69.
Although much learning in real-life environments relies on highly selective feedback about outcomes, virtually all cognitive models of learning, judgment, and categorization assume complete and representative feedback. We investigated empirically the effect of selective feedback on decision making and how people code experience with selective feedback. The results showed that, in contrast to a commonly raised concern, performance was not impaired following learning with selective and biased feedback. Furthermore, even in a simple decision task, the experience that people acquired was not a mere recording of the observed outcomes, but rather a reconstruction from general task knowledge. 相似文献
70.
In 4 experiments, undergraduates made hypothetical investment choices. In Experiment 1, participants paid more attention to the volatility of individual assets than to the volatility of aggregated portfolios. The results of Experiment 2 show that most participants diversified even when this increased risk because of covariation between the returns of individual assets. In Experiment 3, nearly half of those who seemingly attempted to minimize risk diversified even when this increased risk. These results indicate that novice investors neglect covariation when diversifying across investment alternatives. Experiment 4 established that naive diversification follows from motivation to minimize risk and showed that covariation neglect was not significantly reduced by informing participants about how covariation affects portfolio risk but was reduced by making participants systematically calculate aggregate returns for diversified portfolios. In order to counteract naive diversification, novice investors need to be better informed about the rationale underlying recommendations to diversify. 相似文献