Martin Charvt  &#x;tpn Pudlk 《International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2016,13(4):323-337

In the present paper we argue that Sigmund Freud's analysis of mental disorders is based almost exclusively on language and thus it omits other semiotic modalities, prominently visuality. Freud's psychoanalytical theory originates in the discovery that the speech of mentally ill patients is a basis for their treatment. A psychoanalyst is an interpreter who “translates” patient's speech into expression of original, suppressed thoughts. However, this analytical process was never applicable on psychotic patients, since their speech and thought processes are often distorted. This insistence on language can be limiting. Patients can produce “material” for interpretation not only in a form of language, but for instance in a form of visuality. In this respect, art brut, the visual art of the mentally ill, can be analyzed. But in order to do so, we have to reconsider Freud's original concept of translation of one level of signs (neurotic symptoms) into another (basis of the neurosis). An analysis of visual art of the mentally ill can rather focus on the relations between specific signs of the painting in order to understand how psychosis works. The paper provides general remarks and examples of such an analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Petteri Nieminen  Anne-Mari Mustonen  Esko Ryökäs 《Theology & Science》2013,11(3):260-284

Abstract

Creationism is a worldview that does not accept the undirected formation and development of life but requires intelligent (supernatural) intervention. We analyzed texts representing Young Earth creationism (YEC) and intelligent design (ID) for their theological content and implications by assessing their position in central issues of systematic theology. YEC proponents emphasize the young age of the Earth and the necessity of literal interpretation of Genesis as prerequisites for the Fall and redemption. ID accepts the geological age of the planet, but requires intervention during evolution. YEC maintained the traditional characteristics of the Christian God (omnipotence, omniscience, benevolence), while some ID authors refused to speculate on the nature of the alleged designer. YEC authors utilized reinterpretation of scientific data as evidence for creation and to legitimize their belief in the historicity of Genesis. This could be regarded a form of scientism. YEC theodicy concentrated on the Fall as the cause of evil and the eschatological resolution of suffering. In contrast, ID proponents attempted to solve theodicy by compensated benefits of, e.g., pain. ID did not take a clear stand regarding salvation and ecclesiology, but YEC authors considered the acceptance of evolutionary theory and Christian faith to be mostly inconsistent. YEC doctrine differed from major Christian denominations by accepting scientific evidence as a proof for the historicity of Genesis and showed signs of exclusivity regarding evolutionary proponents. In ID, no satisfactory theodicy could be observed and some ID theorists could be classified as agnostics because of doubting the identity of the designer and by limiting God's omnipotence and benevolence. Both YEC and ID demonized evolutionary theory and its proponents. Creationism seems to be on its way to becoming a new kind of denomination or an emerging novel religion.  相似文献   

    

Mogens Lærke 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(4):843-847

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Gerard Saucier  Amber Gayle Thalmayer  Doris L. Payne  Robert Carlson  Lamine Sanogo  Leonard Ole‐Kotikash  A. Timothy Church  Marcia S. Katigbak  Oya Somer  Piotr Szarota  Zsofia Szirmák  Xinyue Zhou 《Journal of personality》2014,82(1):1-14

Here, two studies seek to characterize a parsimonious common‐denominator personality structure with optimal cross‐cultural replicability. Personality differences are observed in all human populations and cultures, but lexicons for personality attributes contain so many distinctions that parsimony is lacking. Models stipulating the most important attributes have been formulated by experts or by empirical studies drawing on experience in a very limited range of cultures. Factor analyses of personality lexicons of nine languages of diverse provenance (Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Turkish, Greek, Polish, Hungarian, Maasai, and Senoufo) were examined, and their common structure was compared to that of several prominent models in psychology. A parsimonious bivariate model showed evidence of substantial convergence and ubiquity across cultures. Analyses involving key markers of these dimensions in English indicate that they are broad dimensions involving the overlapping content of the interpersonal circumplex, models of communion and agency, and morality/warmth and competence. These “Big Two” dimensions—Social Self‐Regulation and Dynamism—provide a common‐denominator model involving the two most crucial axes of personality variation, ubiquitous across cultures. The Big Two might serve as an umbrella model serving to link diverse theoretical models and associated research literatures.  相似文献   

    

Tommy Grling  Kristina Krause  Amelie Gamble  Terry Hartig 《PsyCh Journal》2014,3(2):132-143

We propose a conceptual model of how time pressure affects emotional well‐being associated with mundane routine activities. A selective review of research in several areas affirms the plausibility of the conceptual model, which posits negative effects on emotional well‐being of insufficient time allocated to restorative and other activities instrumental for attaining desirable work, family life, and leisure goals. Previous research also affirms that practicing time management can have indirect positive effects by decreasing time pressure, whereas material wealth can have both negative indirect effects and positive indirect effects by increasing and decreasing time pressure, respectively. Several issues remain to be studied empirically. The conceptual model is a ground for additional, preferably cross‐cultural, research.  相似文献   

    

Tommy Nordn  Anders Eriksson  Anette Kjellgren  Torsten Norlander 《PsyCh Journal》2012,1(1):15-27

The purpose of this project was to do a qualitative study of an integrated and flexible ACT model, the Resource Group Assertive Community Treatment (RACT), as seen from the perspective of case managers in training. The resource group normally consists of the client, the case manager and other available personnel in the medical and support areas, as well as family members. Nineteen theses were randomly chosen from a set of 80 theses written by a group of Swedish trainee case managers. The exams were conducted as case studies and concerned 19 clients with psychotic problems, 11 men and 8 women. “The Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Method” was used in the analysis, which generated five overarching themes: (a) the RACT program; (b) the resource group; (c) the empowerment of the client; (d) progress in treatment; and (e) the case manager. These together constituted a “therapeutic circle,” in which methods and tools used within the RACT made it possible for the resource group to empower the clients who, as a result, experienced progress with treatment, during which the case manager was the unifying and connecting link.  相似文献   

    

Tommy Cammock  Natacha Carragher  Garry Prentice 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(3):401-414

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Camilla Bakkær Simonsen;Barbara Egilstrød;Charlotte Overgaard;Sine Agergaard; 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2024,34(2):e2771

In low-income communities, there is often a lack of resources and facilities for adolescents to engage in organized sports and leisure time physical activity. Therefore, different intervention strategies have been applied to promote physical activity. Yet, a systematic overview of the experiences of those involved in the interventions is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative systematic review was to synthesize participating adolescents', their parents' and other stakeholders' perspectives on family and/or community interventions that seek to support adolescents' leisure time physical activity in low-income areas. Five databases were searched using PIICo (P [population], I [intervention], I [phenomena of interest], and Co [context]) to operationalize the review question. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Through a thematic synthesis inspired by Thomas and Harden, six themes were constructed: (1) developing relationships with a trustworthy adult coach, (2) meeting an inclusive approach: ‘A place for everyone’, (3) forming new friendships through fun sports activities, (4) receiving support through free services, (5) experiencing the neighbourhood as unsafe and (6) challenging life circumstances for adolescents' participation. The findings showed that coaches and other programme staff are significant for adolescents' positive experiences of the intervention and continuous participation. Furthermore, mutual trust, respect and coaches utilizing inclusive approaches were significant to the development of social bonds between peers and their coaches. However, life circumstances and the experience of an unsafe neighbourhood impacted the adolescents' attendance negatively. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.  相似文献   

    

Ercan Kocayörük  Ömer Faruk Şimşek 《The Journal of psychology》2016,150(4):405-421

The present study examined the relationship between adolescents' attachment to parents and their feelings of alienation in the school context by considering the mediating role of adjustment and self-esteem. It was proposed that the degree of attachment to one's parents was associated with adjustment and self-esteem, which in turn predicted possible school alienation. A total of 227 students completed self-report measures on parental attachment, adjustment, self-esteem, and alienation from school. Results were consistent with the attachment theory and related literature that posits that (a) secure attachment to parents was associated with adjustment and self-esteem, (b) secure attachment to parents was negatively associated with feelings of school alienation, and (c) adjustment and self-esteem were a crucial mediators between attachment to parents and school alienation. In addition to enhanced adjustment, the self-esteem of adolescents may be an additional factor in reducing alienation at school. The results also supported the mediator role of self-esteem in the relationship between attachment to parents and adjustment. Finally, the relationship between self-esteem and school alienation were shown to be fully mediated by adjustment. The results were discussed in the context of responsibilities of teachers and school counselors, which may provide both students and parents with the skills to improve social functioning in the school context.  相似文献   

    

Marianne T. Krogh  Mette S. Væver 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2016,57(6):501-508

The purpose of this study was to investigate cultural differences between Danish and American children at 2 and 3 years as measured with the developmental test Bayley‐III, and to investigate the Bayley‐III Language Scale validity. The Danish children (N = 43) were tested with the Bayley‐III and their parents completed an additional language questionnaire (the MacArthur‐Bates CDI). Results showed that scores from the Danish children did not differ significantly from the American norms on the Cognitive or Motor Scale, but the Danish sample scored significantly higher on the Language Scale. A comparison of the Bayley‐III Language subtests with the CDI showed that the two measures correlated significantly, but the percentile score from the CDI was significantly higher than the percentile score from the Bayley‐III Language subtests. This could be because the two instruments measure slightly different areas of language development, or because the Bayley‐III overestimates language development in Danish children. However, due to the limitations of the current study, further research is needed to clarify this issue.  相似文献