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151.
Tom Strong 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2005,33(4):513-533
Increasing numbers of counsellors practise using social constructionist (e.g. narrative, collaborative language systems and solution-focused) approaches. Social constructionist theory holds that matters such as 'understanding' are constructed and upheld in human interaction though counselling approaches derived from this theory offer little insight on how this might occur. The present study adopts a theoretically compatible research approach (ethnomethodology and conversation analysis) to empirically examine how understandings were purportedly constructed in counselling interviews. Understanding is depicted in conversational interaction terms, in how speakers make evident to each other that their shared talk is adequate for 'moving forward'. Counsellor and client perceptions of their participation in researcher-selected passages of 'understanding' supplement the analyses. This preliminary study sheds light on some pragmatic considerations useful in practising constructionist forms of counselling. 相似文献
152.
Social dynamics in the preschool 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Carol Lynn Martin Richard A. Fabes Laura D. Hanish Tom Hollenstein 《Developmental Review》2005,25(3-4):299
In this paper, we consider how concepts from dynamic systems (such as attractors, repellors, and self-organization) can be applied to the study of young children’s peer relationships. We also consider how these concepts can be used to explore basic issues involving early peer processes. We use the dynamical systems approach called state space grid (SSG) analysis and consider how it can be expanded beyond the study of dyads to the study of larger social groups and networks. In particular, we explore the role of homophily—that is, behavioral and sex similarity—as factors in the self-organization of young children’s social groups. A dynamic systems approach allows for consideration of peer processes difficult to assess using more traditional approaches. 相似文献
153.
Frank Baeyens Bram Vervliet Debora Vansteenwegen Tom Beckers Dirk Hermans Paul Eelen 《Learning and motivation》2004,35(2):136-166
Using a conditioned suppression task, we investigated simultaneous (XA−/A+) vs. sequential (X → A−/A+) Feature Negative (FN) discrimination learning in humans. We expected the simultaneous discrimination to result in X (or alternatively the XA configuration) becoming an inhibitor acting directly on the US, and the sequential discrimination in X becoming a negative occasion setter acting indirectly on the A-US link. After simultaneous FN training, X+ training completely abolished discriminative XA/A responding (Experiment 1), and X transferred inhibition to new targets B regardless of their training history (B+ or YB−/B+) (Experiment 2), suggesting X became a simple inhibitor. After sequential FN training, X showed the predicted selective transfer to a target B that also had been modulated (Y → B−/B+), not to a simple excitor (B+) (Experiment 4), but turning X into an excitor (X+) likewise disrupted discriminative X → A/A responding (Experiment 3). This suggests that X acquired a combination of modulatory and direct inhibitory properties, and that the joint contribution of both components is necessary for the suppression of the target-induced US activation. 相似文献
154.
Paul T. Costa Jr. Martina Hr̆ebíc̆ková Tomás̆ Urbánek Thomas A. Martin Valery E. Oryol Alexey A. Rukavishnikov Ivan G. Senin 《欧洲人格杂志》2004,18(2):143-157
Using self‐report measures, longitudinal studies in the US and cross‐sectional studies from many cultures suggest that the broad factors of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience decline from adolescence to adulthood, whereas Agreeableness and Conscientiousness increase. Data are inconsistent on the rate of change during adulthood, and on the generalizability of self‐report findings to informant ratings. We analysed cross‐sectional data from self‐reports and informant ratings on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory in Czech (N = 705) and Russian (N = 800) samples. Some curvilinear effects were found, chiefly in the Czech sample; informant data generally replicated self‐reports, although the effects were weaker. Although many of the details are not yet clear, there appear to be pan‐cultural trends in personality development that are consistent with the hypothesis of intrinsic maturation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
155.
Lahti M Räikkönen K Wahlbeck K Heinonen K Forsén T Kajantie E Pesonen AK Osmond C Barker DJ Eriksson JG 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(5):620-633
This study examined the associations between infant and childhood growth and severe personality disorders. Among 4,689 men and 4,200 women of the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study 1934-1944, 81 men and 68 women had been hospitalized with an ICD (-8, -9, -10) diagnosis of personality disorder in adulthood. Among men, slower gain in BMI between birth and 6 months, faster gain in weight and BMI between 6 months and 1 year, and slower gains in them between 7 and 11 years of age predicted an increased risk of hospitalization for personality disorders. Thinness at 6 months and again at 11 years also showed significant association with personality disorders among men. Among women, slower gain in height between 2 and 7 years predicted hospitalization for personality disorders. Our findings show the importance of early growth as a vulnerability factor of personality disorders severe enough to justify hospitalization. 相似文献
156.
We present anxiety buffer disruption theory (ABDT) and provide a review of current evidence regarding the theory. ABDT is an application of terror management theory to explain diverse reactions to traumatic events and the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It posits that PTSD results from a disruption in one's anxiety-buffering mechanisms, which normally provide protection against anxiety in general and death anxiety in particular. The disruption of these mechanisms leaves the individual defenseless in the face of overwhelming anxiety, which leads to the major symptom clusters of PTSD: re-experiencing, hyper-arousal, and avoidance. According to ABDT, because of the disruption in their anxiety-buffering mechanisms, individuals with PTSD symptoms do not respond to mortality reminders in the defensive ways that psychologically healthier individuals do. We review four sets of studies conducted in four different cultures and with people who have experienced different types of trauma, which reveal this atypical response pattern and lend support to ABDT. 相似文献
157.
Economists define risk in terms of the variability of possible outcomes, whereas clinicians and laypeople generally view risk as exposure to possible loss or harm. Neuroeconomic studies using relatively simple behavioral tasks have identified a network of brain regions that respond to economic risk, but these studies have had limited success predicting naturalistic risk-taking. By contrast, more complex behavioral tasks developed by clinicians (e.g. Balloon Analogue Risk Task and Iowa Gambling Task) correlate with naturalistic risk-taking but resist decomposition into distinct cognitive constructs. We propose here that to bridge this gap and better understand neural substrates of naturalistic risk-taking, new tasks are needed that: are decomposable into basic cognitive and/or economic constructs; predict naturalistic risk-taking; and engender dynamic, affective engagement. 相似文献
158.
Forstmann BU Wagenmakers EJ Eichele T Brown S Serences JT 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2011,15(6):272-279
Cognitive neuroscientists study how the brain implements particular cognitive processes such as perception, learning, and decision-making. Traditional approaches in which experiments are designed to target a specific cognitive process have been supplemented by two recent innovations. First, formal cognitive models can decompose observed behavioral data into multiple latent cognitive processes, allowing brain measurements to be associated with a particular cognitive process more precisely and more confidently. Second, cognitive neuroscience can provide additional data to inform the development of formal cognitive models, providing greater constraint than behavioral data alone. We argue that these fields are mutually dependent; not only can models guide neuroscientific endeavors, but understanding neural mechanisms can provide key insights into formal models of cognition. 相似文献
159.
Tom Coburn Fran Grace Anne Carolyn Klein Louis Komjathy Harold Roth Judith Simmer‐Brown 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2011,14(2):167-174
Contemplative Pedagogy is a new and sometimes controversial pedagogical practice. Faculty often have basic questions about how to implement the pedagogy in their classrooms, in addition to questions that challenge the educational value and appropriateness of the practice. Assembled here are the most frequently asked questions about Contemplative Pedagogy, with responses from six contemplative professors, each from a different institutional and philosophical location. The respondents are founding members of the Contemplative Studies Consultation of the American Academy of Religion. The diversity of views expressed by the respondents invites the reader to see that there is no single theory or praxis of contemplative pedagogy. 相似文献
160.
Taverniers J Smeets T Lo Bue S Syroit J Van Ruysseveldt J Pattyn N von Grumbkow J 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):332-343
The present field experiment examined how multi-trial visuo-spatial learning and memory performance are impacted by excessive
arousal, instigated by a potentially life-threatening event (i.e., a first parachute jump). Throughout a parachute training
activity, subjective and neuroendocrine (i.e., cortisol) stress levels were assessed of 61 male military cadets who were randomly
assigned to a control (n = 30) or a jump stress condition (n = 31). Post-stress learning and memory capacity was assessed with a 10-trial path-learning task that permitted emergence
of learning curves. Pre-activity cortisol concentrations indicated a significant neuroendocrine anticipatory stress response
in the stress group. Following parachuting, subjective stress levels and salivary cortisol reactivity differed significantly
between groups. Visuo-spatial path-learning performance was impaired significantly after jump stress exposure, relative to
the control group. Moreover, examination of the learning curves showed similar learning and memory performance at onset of
the trials, with curves bifurcating as the task became more complex. These findings are in accordance with leading theories
that acknowledge a moderating effect of task complexity. In sum, the present study extends knowledge concerning anticipatory
stress effects, endogenously instigated cortisol reactivity, and the influence of extreme arousal on visuo-spatial path learning. 相似文献