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981.
This paper aims to explore causes of binge drinking in young people and the effects that they seek when they drink alcohol, based on age and alcohol intake. 4,083 questionnaires were administered to 1,361 university students and 2,722 adolescents at their educational institutions. The findings corresponding to those who reported practising binge drinking -2,917 subjects- are presented in the paper. Taking into account the regularity of the practice and the alcohol intake, cluster analysis differentiated two consumer types in each group: the radical type (21.2% university students-18.2% adolescents): 10-11 drinks 3 days a week and for more than 10 months a year; and the average type (78.7% university students-81.7% adolescents): 4-5 drinks twice a week and for 8-9 months. Drinking as a way of having fun (75.2%) and drinking for the sake of drinking (81.9%) are two of the main causes underlying binge drinking, economical reasons being secondary for adolescents As for the expected effects, the short-term positive aspects of moderate consumption (being more talkative, euphoric...) stand out. Adolescents also expect to improve some of their personal skills (more self-confidence...). These results corroborate and increase the information currently available and allow us to propose alternatives adapted to young people's real needs. 相似文献
982.
Line drawings of everyday objects were modified into silhouettes by filling-in the complete area enclosed by boundary contours, and outline versions were created by extracting the contours from the silhouettes. A large number of participants was asked to try to identify these silhouette and outline versions in experiment 1. Identifiability ranged from 0% to 100% correct responses with a large range in-between. Several kinds of errors and several reasons for difficulties with identification emerged in our data set. In experiment 2, we compared the original identification rates to those of inverted silhouettes (white figures on a black background), and in experiment 3 we compared the original identification rates of objects with filled-in holes or background parts to those of versions without filling-in. These stimuli and identification norms are useful for additional research on priming and context effects of object identification, neuropsychological deficits of object identification, and all kinds of studies with silhouettes where the role of top down knowledge could be of interest. 相似文献
983.
Participants are not always as diligent in reading and following instructions as experimenters would like them to be. When participants fail to follow instructions, this increases noise and decreases the validity of their data. This paper presents and validates a new tool for detecting participants who are not following instructions - the Instructional manipulation check (IMC). We demonstrate how the inclusion of an IMC can increase statistical power and reliability of a dataset. 相似文献
984.
J. Richard Eiser Tom Stafford Russell H. Fazio 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2009,100(2):399-413
Connectionist simulation was employed to investigate processes that may underlie the relationships between prior expectancies or prejudices and the acquisition of attitudes, under conditions where learners can only discover the valence of attitude objects through directly experiencing them. We compared contexts analogous to learners holding either false negative expectancies (‘prejudices’) about a subclass of objects that were actually good or false positive expectancies about objects that were actually bad. We introduced expectancy‐related bias either by altering the probability of approach, or by varying the rate of learning following experience with good or bad objects. Where feedback was contingent on approach, the false positive expectancies were corrected by experience, but negative prejudices resisted change, since the network avoided objects deemed to be bad, and so received less corrective feedback. These findings are discussed in relation to the effects of intergroup contact and expectancy‐confirmation processes in reducing or sustaining prejudice. 相似文献
985.
The 23-item Meaningful Life Measure (Morgan and Farsides 2008) comprises five subscales, each designed to assess a distinct component of personal meaning: purposeful life; valued life;
accomplished life; principled life; and exciting life. In addition to providing a comprehensive composite meaning measure,
this instrument presents the possibility of measuring these components separately in future research applications. To demonstrate
the utility of their separate measurement, the present study therefore aimed to show differential patterns of correlation
between these five subscales and meaning correlates identified in the literature. The MLM’s factor structure and internal
reliability were replicated on the present sample. Evidence was then provided for the MLM’s convergent validity, and it was
demonstrated that its five subscales were indeed differently predicted by the meaning correlates from the literature. Findings
attest to the practical utility of a five-factor conceptualisation of meaning in life. In addition to identifying people who
score low and high on different factors of meaning in life, the MLM facilitates the further investigation of specific antecedents and consequences of different meaning components.
相似文献
Jessica MorganEmail: |
986.
Putting feelings into words: affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Lieberman MD Eisenberger NI Crockett MJ Tom SM Pfeifer JH Way BM 《Psychological science》2007,18(5):421-428
Putting feelings into words (affect labeling) has long been thought to help manage negative emotional experiences; however, the mechanisms by which affect labeling produces this benefit remain largely unknown. Recent neuroimaging studies suggest a possible neurocognitive pathway for this process, but methodological limitations of previous studies have prevented strong inferences from being drawn. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of affect labeling was conducted to remedy these limitations. The results indicated that affect labeling, relative to other forms of encoding, diminished the response of the amygdala and other limbic regions to negative emotional images. Additionally, affect labeling produced increased activity in a single brain region, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC). Finally, RVLPFC and amygdala activity during affect labeling were inversely correlated, a relationship that was mediated by activity in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). These results suggest that affect labeling may diminish emotional reactivity along a pathway from RVLPFC to MPFC to the amygdala. 相似文献
987.
Zwirs BW Burger H Schulpen TW Wiznitzer M Fedder H Buitelaar JK 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(4):556-566
The present study assesses the population prevalence of DSM-IV disorders among native and immigrant children living in low
socio-economic status (SES) inner-city neighborhoods in the Netherlands. In the first phase of a two-phase epidemiological
design, teachers screened an ethnically diverse sample of 2041 children aged 6–10 years using the Strengths and Difficulties
Questionnaire (SDQ). In the second phase, a subsample of 253 children was psychiatrically examined, while their parents were
interviewed. In addition, teachers completed a short questionnaire about 10 DSM-IV items. Prevalence was estimated using the
best-estimate diagnosis based on parent, child and teacher information. Projected to the total population, 11% of the children
had one or more impairing psychiatric disorders, which did not differ between native and non-native children. In the total
group a clear relationship was observed between the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and gender, parental psychopathology,
peer problems and school problems, but not among all ethnic groups separately. This study suggests that the prevalence of
psychiatric disorders among non-treated minority and native children in low SES inner-city neighborhoods does not materially
differ. However, associated mechanisms may be influenced by ethnicity. 相似文献
988.
The present research examined the effect of procedural fairness and trust in an authority on people's willingness to cooperate with the authority across a wide range of social situations. Prior research has shown that the presence of information about whether an authority can be trusted moderates the effect of procedural fairness. If no trust information is available, procedural fairness influences people's reactions. This is not the case when information about the trustworthiness of the authority is present. In the present article, it is argued that information about whether the authority can or cannot be trusted may also moderate the effect of procedural fairness in predicting levels of cooperation. Assuming that the use of fair procedures by authorities that cannot be trusted is less influential than is the enactment of procedures by trustworthy authorities, it is predicted that trust in authority moderates the influence of procedural fairness on cooperation in such a way that procedural fairness has a positive effect on cooperation primarily when trust in authority is high. Results from 4 studies (2 experimental studies and 2 field studies) provide supportive evidence for this interaction. 相似文献
989.
990.
Porter G Troscianko T Gilchrist ID 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2007,60(2):211-229
We investigated the processing effort during visual search and counting tasks using a pupil dilation measure. Search difficulty was manipulated by varying the number of distractors as well as the heterogeneity of the distractors. More difficult visual search resulted in more pupil dilation than did less difficult search. These results confirm a link between effort and increased pupil dilation. The pupil dilated more during the counting task than during target-absent search, even though the displays were identical, and the two tasks were matched for reaction time. The moment-to-moment dilation pattern during search suggests little effort in the early stages, but increasingly more effort towards response, whereas the counting task involved an increased initial effort, which was sustained throughout the trial. These patterns can be interpreted in terms of the differential memory load for item locations in each task. In an additional experiment, increasing the spatial memory requirements of the search evoked a corresponding increase in pupil dilation.These results support the view that search tasks involve some, but limited, memory for item locations, and the effort associated with this memory load increases during the trials. In contrast, counting involves a heavy locational memory component from the start. 相似文献