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201.
Schwartz JJ Freeberg TM 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2008,122(3):231-234
It has long been known that individuals of many species vocally communicate with one another in noisy environments and in rich contexts of social interaction. It has recently become clear that researchers interested in understanding acoustic communication in animal groups must study vocal signaling in these noisy and socially complex settings. Furthermore, recent methodological advances have made it increasingly clear that the authors can tackle these more complex questions effectively. The articles in this Special Issue stem from a Symposium held at the June 2006 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, and illustrate some of the taxonomic and methodological diversity in studies aimed at understanding how acoustic communication functions in social grouping. This introduction to the Special Issue provides a brief overview of the articles and key ideas in this field of inquiry, and suggests some future directions to take the field to help us understand how social pressures in animal groups may influence, and be influenced by, acoustic signals. 相似文献
202.
This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the neural structures associated with women's underperformance on math tasks. Although women in a control condition recruited neural networks that are associated with mathematical learning (i.e., angular gyrus, left parietal and prefrontal cortex), women who were reminded of gender stereotypes about math ability did not recruit these regions, and instead revealed heightened activation in a neural region associated with social and emotional processing (ventral anterior cingulate cortex). 相似文献
203.
204.
Melina A. Kunar Randall Carter Michael Cohen Todd S. Horowitz 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(6):1135-1140
Recent research has shown that holding telephone conversations disrupts one’s driving ability. We asked whether this effect
could be attributed to a visual attention impairment. In Experiment 1, participants conversed on a telephone or listened to
a narrative while engaged in multiple object tracking (MOT), a task requiring sustained visual attention. We found that MOT
was disrupted in the telephone conversation condition, relative to single-task MOT performance, but that listening to a narrative
had no effect. In Experiment 2, we asked which component of conversation might be interfering with MOT performance. We replicated
the conversation and single-task conditions of Experiment 1 and added two conditions in which participants heard a sequence
of words over a telephone. In the shadowing condition, participants simply repeated each word in the sequence. In the generation
condition, participants were asked to generate a new word based on each word in the sequence. Word generation interfered with
MOT performance, but shadowing did not. The data indicate that telephone conversation disrupts attention at a central stage,
the act of generating verbal stimuli, rather than at a peripheral stage, such as listening or speaking. 相似文献
205.
206.
Observers tend to remember seeing a greater expanse of a scene than was shown (boundary extension [BE]). Is undivided visual attention necessary for BE? In Experiment 1, 108 observers viewed photographs with superimposed numerals (2s and 5s). Each appeared for 750 msec, followed by a masked interval and a test picture (same, closer up, or wider angled). Test pictures were rated as the same, closer, or wider angled on a 5-point scale. Visual attention was manipulated with a search task: The observers reported the number of 5s (zero, one, or two). The observers performed search only, picture rating only, or both (giving search priority). Search accuracy was unaffected by condition. BE occurred in both conditions but was greater with divided attention. The results were replicated using incidental BE tests (Experiments 2 and 3). We propose that anticipatory representation of layout occurs automatically during scene perception, with focal attention serving to constrain the boundary error. 相似文献
207.
Artificial grammar learning (AGL) is an experimental paradigm that has been used extensively incognitive research for many years to study implicit learning, associative learning, and generalization on the basis of either similarity or rules. Without computer assistance, it is virtually impossible to generate appropriate grammatical training stimuli along with grammatical or nongrammatical test stimuli that control relevant psychological variables. We present the first flexible, fully automated software for selecting AGL stimuli. The software allows users to specify a grammar of interest, and to manipulate characteristics of training and test sequences, and their relationship to each other. The user therefore has direct control over stimulus features that may influence learning and generalization in AGL tasks. The software, AGL StimSelect, enables researchers to develop AGL designs that would not be feasible without automatic stimulus selection. It is implemented in MATLAB. 相似文献
208.
Heather M. Anson James T. Todd Kimberley J. Cassaretto 《Behavior research methods》2008,40(4):1106-1110
Verbal responses, gestures, and other physical stimuli are often used to prompt children to pay attention to their teacher, participate in group responding, and engage in independent activities in the classroom. Prompts can be intrusive and draw attention to the problem, however. In the present study, unobtrusive vibrating pagers were used to discreetly alert children to attend directly to the teacher or the ongoing activity, thus reducing the number of disruptions the children created in their classrooms. The children were then able to learn more effectively and with less interference to others in the vicinity. Specifically, 5 male children, between 4 and 7 years old, who attended a regular education preschool or regular education first-grade classroom, participated. An alternating baseline and treatment conditions design was used, in which periods of overt traditional prompting were alternated with periods of covert tactile and overt traditional prompting. The data showed that covert tactile prompting was successful in reducing the amount of overt traditional prompting that was needed for attention to a teacher, group responding, and engagement in independent activities. 相似文献
209.
限制饮食是为了控制体重, 长期严格地控制进食的倾向。大量研究表明相对于非限制性饮食者, 限制性饮食者对食物线索尤其是高能量或高美味食物线索存在认知偏向。这种偏向是基于一定的脑神经基础的如前额叶背内侧, 小脑等区域。未来研究应设置严格的筛选标准, 运用视觉odd-one-out和学习-再认实验范式, 重视认知神经机制的探讨, 开展中国限制性饮食者对食物线索加工的认知机制和主要影响因素模型的系统研究。 相似文献
210.
Todd W. Dunn Timothy B. Smith Jared A. Montoya 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2006,84(4):471-482
This article reviews the internal consistency reliability of multicultural competency instrumentation. Additional psychometric properties are qualitatively reviewed for commonly used instruments and 5 other measures of multicultural competency that have not previously been reviewed in the literature. Results indicate that the most widely used instruments have generally acceptable internal consistency reliability across different populations and settings. Limitations of research conducted on multicultural counseling competencies are identified, and recommendations for future research are provided. 相似文献