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181.
The psychometric properties of a revised version of the Male Body Attitudes Scale (Tylka, Bergeron, & Schwartz, 2005) were investigated using two independent online samples of Irish men (ns=241 and 253, respectively). Exploratory factor analyses suggested that a 15-item, 3-factor solution representing men's attitudes toward their body fat, muscularity, and height best described the data. The internal consistency and construct validity of scores on the Revised Male Body Attitudes Scale suggest that this measure holds promise as an indicant of men's attitudes toward their physical appearance. Limitations and strengths associated with the current research are discussed and directions for future research are outlined. 相似文献
182.
Observers are poor at reporting the identities of objects that they have successfully tracked (Pylyshyn, Visual Cognition, 11, 801-822, 2004; Scholl & Pylyshyn, Cognitive Psychology, 38, 259-290, 1999). Consequently, it has been claimed that objects are tracked in a manner that does not encode their identities (Pylyshyn, 2004). Here, we present evidence that disputes this claim. In a series of experiments, we show that attempting to track the identities of objects can decrease an observer's ability to track the objects' locations. This indicates that the mechanisms that track, respectively, the locations and identities of objects draw upon a common resource. Furthermore, we show that this common resource can be voluntarily distributed between the two mechanisms. This is clear evidence that the location- and identity-tracking mechanisms are not entirely dissociable. 相似文献
183.
Two studies are reported that support the hypothesis that categories that require a multiple-unit, as opposed to a single-unit, representation lead to worse initial acquisition but better generalization. On the basis of the constraints imposed by the procedural-based learning system thought to mediate information-integration categorization, we argue that the need to train multiple units during initial category acquisition slows the procedural-based category learning process and adversely affects learning performance. However, we speculate that better generalization occurs because of the increased likelihood that a novel stimulus will activate at least one of the multiple units needed to represent the category. Relations to other findings in the literature and the implications of this work for training and clinical assessment are discussed. 相似文献
184.
185.
Despite evidence that sociocultural and psychological factors contribute to disordered eating, researchers have yet to examine the extent to which putative risk factors influence vulnerability for girls versus boys within and across phases of adolescence, particularly in non-Western cultures. In this study, early and middle adolescent samples from China (N = 2,909) completed measures of eating disorder pathology and putative risk factors at baseline and were reassessed 12 months later. Among both younger and older girls, elevations in appearance-focused interactions with friends, negative affect, and body dissatisfaction predicted increases in symptomatology at follow-up. In contrast, there was more discontinuity in risk factors relevant to samples of boys. Although media and friendship influences contributed to later disturbances among early adolescent boys, psychological factors, including body dissatisfaction and negative affect, had stronger effects in the multivariate model for older boys. Implications of finding are discussed in relation to adolescent development and a Chinese cultural context. 相似文献
186.
187.
Asplund CL Todd JJ Snyder AP Gilbert CM Marois R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2010,36(6):1372-1381
The cost of attending to a visual event can be the failure to consciously detect other events. This processing limitation is well illustrated by the attentional blink paradigm, in which searching for and attending to a target presented in a rapid serial visual presentation stream of distractors can impair one's ability to detect a second target presented soon thereafter. The attentional blink critically depends on 'top-down' attentional settings, for it does not occur if participants are asked to ignore the first target. Here we show that 'bottom-up' attention can also lead to a profound but ephemeral deficit in conscious perception: Presentation of a novel, unexpected, and task-irrelevant stimulus virtually abolishes conscious detection of a target presented within half a second after the 'Surprise' stimulus, but only for its earliest occurrences (generally 1 to 2 presentations). This powerful but short-lived deficit contrasts with a milder but more enduring form of attentional capture that accompanies singleton presentations in rapid serial visual presentations. We conclude that the capture of stimulus-driven attention alone can limit explicit perception. 相似文献
188.
Previous research has demonstrated that Numbered Heads Together, a cooperative learning strategy, is more effective than traditional
teacher-led instruction in academic areas such as social studies and science. The current study compared the effects of two
types of Numbered Heads Together strategies with a baseline condition during 7th grade language arts lessons. Results indicated
that three students with various disabilities had higher percent intervals of on-task behavior and daily quiz scores during
either Heads Together condition. Teacher satisfaction ratings suggested that Heads Together was easy to implement, and all
three students preferred this strategy to baseline instruction. A discussion of study limitations, implications, and future
research directions is included. 相似文献
189.
The Habitat Program at Wood’s Homes, Calgary, Alberta, is an eight bed residential treatment program for conduct-disordered
youth who have been exposed or subjected to high levels of violence in their family home. The program was based on the assumption
that working effectively with such youth requires consideration of the background experiences of family violence, yet traditional
treatment models often ignore or minimize the importance of these experiences. We present a clinical model which incorporates
aspects of milieu treatment, relationship-based daily interventions and elements of Jenkins’ invitational approach to working
with men and boys who use violence as well as Wade’s response-based approach to counseling with victims and perpetrators of
violence. The model also incorporates ideas based on Maruna’s research into recidivism and excuse-making. The purpose of the
model is twofold: to be broad enough to structure an overall treatment strategy based on the assumption that successful treatment
results from the cumulative effect of many interactions over time, and to be specific enough to guide staff in developing
strategies for specific situations that typically arise in daily interaction with the youth. We use a case example format
to illustrate how staff has utilized the model to engage youth in exploring both their experiences of violence in the family
home and in developing new ways of thinking and talking about behavioural choices. 相似文献
190.
Kristen K. Ellard Christopher P. Fairholme Christina L. Boisseau Todd J. Farchione David H. Barlow 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2010,17(1):88-101
The Unified Protocol (UP) is a transdiagnostic, emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment developed to be applicable across the emotional disorders. The UP consists of 4 core modules: increasing emotional awareness, facilitating flexibility in appraisals, identifying and preventing behavioral and emotional avoidance, and situational and interoceptive exposure to emotion cues. Here we present data from 2 open clinical trials. In the first trial, an initial version of the UP was administered to a heterogeneous clinical sample, yielding significant pre- to posttreatment effects across disorders on a variety of measures. Analyses of clinical significance demonstrated modest results, with 56% of participants achieving responder status and 33% achieving high end-state functioning. Further manual development ensued, resulting in specific modifications and enhancements to core treatment components, and a second trial presents data from an additional pilot study of this revised version of the UP. Results from this trial demonstrated more robust treatment effects, with 73% achieving responder status and 60% achieving high end-state functioning. Results improved further at 6-month follow-up, with 85% classified as treatment responders and 69% achieving high end-state functioning. Implications for the treatment of emotional disorders as well as dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology are discussed. 相似文献