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51.
Starting from the premise that the purpose of cognitive modeling is to gain information about the cognitive processes of individuals,
we develop a general theoretical framework for assessment of models on the basis of tests of the models’ ability to yield
information about the true performance patterns of individual subjects and the processes underlying them. To address the central
problem that observed performance is a composite of true performance and error, we present formal derivations concerning inference
from noisy data to true performance. Analyses of model fits to simulated data illustrate the usefulness of our approach for
coping with difficult issues of model identifiability and testability. 相似文献
52.
Topolski TD Edwards TC Patrick DL Varley P Way ME Buesching DP 《Journal of attention disorders》2004,7(3):163-173
Most psychosocial research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has focused on deficits in school, family, or behavioral functioning without incorporating perceived quality of life (QoL) or the adolescents' perspective. The Youth Quality of Life Instrument--Research Version (YQOL-R), was used to assess self-perceived QoL in a community sample of adolescents aged 11-18 years. Fifty-five adolescent males with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD were compared to a group of 107 adolescents with no chronic conditions (NCC) and a group of 52 adolescents with mobility impairments (MI). The adolescents with ADHD reported significantly lower perceived QoL scores, particularly in the Self and Relationship domains, than the NCC group. Their scores were similar to those from the group with MI, a group previously shown to have a substandard QoL. Interventions to improve self-esteem and social interactions might use QoL outcomes in evaluating effectiveness. 相似文献
53.
Schrag B Freeberg T Anestidou L 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(4):717-20; discussion 721-34
This case involves invasive research on captive wild populations of birds to study aggressive animal behavior. The case and associated commentaries raise and examine fundamental issues, whether and under what conditions, such research is ethically justified when the research has no expected, direct application to the human species; the moral status of animals and how one balances concern for the animal's interests against the value of gains in scientific knowledge. They also emphasize the issue of the importance of a thorough literature search to ensure appropriate research design and experimental design to minimize animal suffering. It raises the issue of circumstances in which such research should be modified or terminated. 相似文献
54.
Disrupting feedback processing interferes with rule-based but not information-integration category learning 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The effect of a sequentially presented memory scanning task on rule-based and information-integration category learning was investigated. On each trial in the short feedback-processing time condition, memory scanning immediately followed categorization. On each trial in the long feedback-processing time condition, categorization was followed by a 2.5-sec delay and then memory scanning. In the control condition, no memory scanning was required. Rule-based category learning was significantly worse in the short feedback-processing time condition than in the long feedback-processing time condition or control condition, whereas information-integration category learning was equivalent across conditions. In the rule-based condition, a smaller proportion of observers learned the task in the short feedback-processing time condition, and those who learned took longer to reach the performance criterion than did those in the long feedback-processing time or control condition. No differences were observed in the information integration task. These results provide support for a multiple-systems approach to category learning and argue against the validity of single-system approaches. 相似文献
55.
The authors examined the core characteristics, component processes, antecedents, and function of state inspiration. In Studies 1 and 2, inspiration was contrasted with baseline experience and activated positive affect (PA) using a vivid recall methodology. Results supported the tripartite conceptualization of inspiration. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that inspiration may be decomposed into separate processes related to being inspired "by" and being inspired "to." Study 3 found that daily inspiration is triggered by illumination among individuals high in receptive engagement, whereas activated PA is triggered by reward salience among individuals high in approach temperament. Approach temperament was also implicated in being inspired "to." Inspiration and activated PA appear to serve different functions: transmission and acquisition, respectively. 相似文献
56.
Barch DM Carter CS MacDonald AW Braver TS Cohen JD 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2003,112(1):132-143
Previous research on schizophrenia suggests that context-processing disturbances are one of the core cognitive deficits present in schizophia. However, it is not clear whether such deficits are specific to schizophrenia as compared with other psychotic disorders. To address this question, the authors administered a version of the AX Continuous Performance Test designed to assess context processing in a sample of healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with other psychotic disorders. Participants were tested at index (when medication naive and experiencing their first contact with psychiatric services) and 4 weeks later, following medication treatment. At index, patients with schizophrenia and the psychotic comparison group demonstrated similar impairments in context processing. However, context-processing deficits improved in the psychotic comparison group at 4 weeks but did not improve in patients with schizophrenia. 相似文献
57.
Three experiments are reported in which observers judged the three-dimensional (3-D) structures of virtual or real objects defined by various combinations of texture, motion, and binocular disparity under a wide variety of conditions. The tasks employed in these studies involved adjusting the depth of an object to match its width, adjusting the planes of a dihedral angle so that they appeared orthogonal, and adjusting the shape of an object so that it appeared to match another at a different viewing distance. The results obtained on all of these tasks revealed large constant errors and large individual differences among observers. There were also systematic failures of constancy over changes in viewing distance, orientation, or response task. When considered in conjunction with other, similar reports in the literature, these findings provide strong evidence that human observers do not have accurate perceptions of 3-D metric structure. 相似文献
58.
Biased category payoff matrices engender separate reward- and accuracy-maximizing decision criteria Although instructed to maximize reward, observers use suboptimal decision criteria that place greater emphasis on accuracy than is optimal. In this study, objective classifier feedback (the objectively correct response) was compared with optimal classifier feedback (the optimal classifier's response) at two levels of category discriminability when zero or negative costs accompanied incorrect responses for two payoff matrix multiplication factors. Performance was superior for optimal classifier feedback relative to objective classifier feedback for both zero- and negative-cost conditions, especially when category discriminability was low, but the magnitude of the optimal classifier advantage was approximately equal for zero- and negative-cost conditions. The optimal classifier feedback performance advantage did not interact with the payoff matrix multiplication factor. Model-based analyses suggested that the weight placed on accuracy was reduced for optimal classifier feedback relative to objective classifier feedback and for high category discriminability relative to low category discriminability. In addition, the weight placed on accuracy declined with training when feedback was based on the optimal classifier and remained relatively stable when feedback was based on the objective classifier. These results suggest that feedback based on the optimal classifier leads to superior decision criterion learning across a wide range of experimental conditions. 相似文献
59.
Although a number of studies have explored the ways that men and women romantically attract mates, almost no research exists on the special tactics people use when already in a relationship and trying to attract someone new--a process known as mate poaching enticement. In Study 1, the authors investigated the tactics people use to entice others into making mate poaching attempts. Enticement tactic effectiveness conformed to evolutionary-predicted patterns across sex and temporal context. In Study 2, the authors examined the tactics men and women use to disguise mate poaching enticement. The most effective camouflage for poaching also varied between sex in evolutionary-predicted ways, regardless of the target of deception (i.e., current partner vs. larger community). Discussion focuses on limitations of this research, future investigative directions, unexpected findings, and the utility of placing mate poaching attraction within the broader context of human sexual strategies. 相似文献
60.
Social Anxiety Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence: Current Status and Future Directions 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
This paper reviews the current status of research on the phenomenology, etiology, maintenance, assessment, and treatment of childhood and adolescent social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite being one of the most prevalent disorders of childhood and adolescence, SAD paradoxically stands as one of the least recognized, researched, and treated pediatric disorders. The small treatment outcome literature provides preliminary support to the effectiveness of various forms of cognitive behavior therapy. The majority of studies to date, however, are limited by inadequate control conditions. Other findings include some support for the utility of parental involvement in treatment, significant advancements in outcome measures (e.g., normative comparisons, indices of naturalistic social functioning), and impressive durability of gains for the majority of treatments. Future directions are suggested, including experimental and naturalistic studies of developmental pathways and maintenance factors, the incorporation of positive psychology constructs (e.g., positive emotions, hope, self-control) in treatment and prevention, and the continued delineation of differences between child, adolescent, and adult manifestations of SAD. 相似文献