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111.
The spectrum argument purports to show that the better-than relation is not transitive, and consequently that orthodox value theory is built on dubious foundations. The argument works by constructing a sequence of increasingly less painful but more drawn-out experiences, such that each experience in the spectrum is worse than the previous one, yet the final experience is better than the experience with which the spectrum began. Hence the betterness relation admits cycles, threatening either transitivity or asymmetry of the relation. This paper examines recent attempts to block the spectrum argument, using the idea that it is a mistake to affirm that every experience in the spectrum is worse than its predecessor: an alternative hypothesis is that adjacent experiences may be incommensurable in value, or that due to vagueness in the underlying concepts, it is indeterminate which is better. While these attempts formally succeed as responses to the spectrum argument, they have additional, as yet unacknowledged costs that are significant. In order to effectively block the argument in its most typical form, in which the first element is radically inferior to the last, it is necessary to suppose that the incommensurability (or indeterminacy) is particularly acute: what might be called radical incommensurability (radical indeterminacy). We explain these costs, and draw some general lessons about the plausibility of the available options for those who wish to save orthodox axiology from the spectrum argument. 相似文献
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113.
It is widely assumed that the separable features of visual objects, such as their colors and shapes, require attention to
be integrated. However, the evidence in favor of this claim comes from experiments in which the colors and shapes of objects
would have to be integrated and then also subjected to an arbitrary, instruction-based, stimulus-response (S-R) translation
in order to have an observable effect. This raises the possibility that attention is not required for feature integration,
per se, but is only required when color-shape conjunctions must undergo an arbitrary S-R translation. The present study conducted
a more specific test and found strong evidence in favor of feature integration in the absence of attention. The implications
of these results are discussed. 相似文献
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Toby Handfield 《The Philosophical quarterly》2001,51(205):484-494
An objection to dispositional essentialism has been that it yields an implausible semantics for counterfactuals if determinism happens to be true. I claim that an adequate remedy to this objection would be to endorse the metaphysical possibility of 'law-abiding miracles', i.e., uncaused spontaneous events. This proposal entails that determinism de jure is meta-physically impossible; I argue that this is not a serious disadvantage. I discuss consequences of the proposal for the logical form of laws, and consider a possible objection to the proposal on epistemic grounds. 相似文献
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117.
Establishing motion control in children with autism and intellectual disability: Applications for anatomical and functional MRI
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Alison D. Cox Javier Virues‐Ortega Flavia Julio Toby L. Martin 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2017,50(1):8-26
Excessive motion makes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) extremely challenging among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The medical risks of sedation establish the need for behavioral interventions to promote motion control among children with ASD undergoing MRI scans. We present a series of experiments aimed at establishing both tolerance of the MRI environment and a level of motion control that would be compatible with a successful MRI. During Study 1, we evaluated the effects of prompting and contingent reinforcement on compliance with a sequence of successive approximations to an MRI using a mock MRI. During Study 2, we used prompting and progressive differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) to promote motion control in a mock MRI for increasing periods of time. Finally, during Study 3, some of the participants underwent a real MRI scan while a detailed in‐session motion analysis informed the quality of the images captured. 相似文献
118.
Michael Smith has resisted Harry Frankfurt's claim that moral responsibility does not require the ability to have done otherwise.
He does this by claiming that, in Frankfurt cases, the ability to do otherwise is indeed present, but is a disposition that
has been `finked' or masked by other factors. We suggest that, while Smith's account appears to work for some classic Frankfurt
cases, it does not work for all. In particular, Smith cannot explain cases, such as the Willing Addict, where the Frankfurt
devise - e.g. the addiction - is intrinsic to the agent. 相似文献
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Sewon Kim Toby M. Egan Woosung Kim Jaekyum Kim 《Journal of business and psychology》2013,28(3):315-330