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91.
Ass.-Prof. Dr. Melitta Fischer-Kern Tobias Nolte Barbara Kadi Andrea Naderer 《Psychotherapeut》2014,59(6):467-473
Background
Studies on the association between attachment and chronic depression are scarce.Aim
This study was carried out to investigate attachment representations in chronically depressed female inpatients.Material and methods
A total of 20 female inpatients with major depression were assessed with the adult attachment interview. Attachment representations were assessed following the method of Main et al. Furthermore, a dimensional evaluation of attachment representations according to Waters was compiled and related to symptom severity.Results
The analysis of attachment resulted in a distribution of 5?% securely attached patients, 30?% with insecure-avoidant attachment, 15?% insecure-preoccupied attachment and 50?% disorganised attachment representation. For the dimensional approach along the secure-insecure dimension, attachment security was correlated with global assessment of functioning (GAF) and reflective functioning and insecurity was correlated with unresolved loss. For the dimension avoidance-preoccupation a relationship was found between avoidance and GAF.Conclusion
In comparison to non-clinical samples the results demonstrate a high proportion of insecure and disorganised attachment in this sample of severely depressed female inpatients with high chronicity (mean course of illness 11.7?±?7.6 years) and high symptom load (Beck depression inventory BDI =?36.6?±?8.7 points). This result underlines the importance of psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed patients with unresolved loss experiences. 相似文献92.
Dipl.-Psych. Mareike Hofmann Tobias Fehlinger Nikola Stenzel Winfried Rief 《Psychotherapeut》2014,59(2):138-146
Transdiagnostic skills (e.g. skills such as emotion regulation or social competence) are an important part of psychotherapy in outpatient as well as inpatient settings. To date there are no studies that answer the question whether both patient groups are comparable regarding several skills or if they differ. In the present study 102 outpatients were compared to 183 inpatients in 7 different skills. The difference between the two groups was smaller than a priori assumed. At the beginning of treatment inpatients had a lower ability to manage stress (mainly in the management of exhaustion). This could be interpreted as an indication that inpatients have more difficulties in coping with daily hassles which leads to greater exhaustion. To conclude, the improvement of skills should attract interest in both settings. Furthermore, a special focus on interventions to decrease deficits in stress management should be considered for in-patient treatment. 相似文献
93.
We investigated the combined effects of stereotype threat and trait test anxiety on mathematics test performance. Stereotype threat and test anxiety interacted with each other in affecting performance. Trait test anxiety predicted performance only in a diagnostic condition that prevented stereotype threat by stereotype denial. A state measure of fear of the test mediated this influence. However, stereotype threat reduced the performance of low test-anxious participants to the level of high test-anxious participants. Thus, stereotype threat affected persons low in test anxiety but not persons high in test anxiety. Both phenomena apparently share common mechanisms through which they impair performance. 相似文献
94.
Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen Tobias Stalder Clemens Kirschbaum Fanny Weber Jürgen Hoyer Franziska Plessow 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2014,14(4):1310-1319
Recent evidence has suggested that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with alterations in prefrontal-cortex-dependent cognitive processes (e.g., working memory, cognitive control). However, it remains unclear whether these cognitive dysfunctions are related to PTSD symptomatology or trauma exposure. Furthermore, regarding cognitive control, research has only focused on the integrity of selected control functions, but not their dynamic regulation in response to changing environmental demands. Therefore, the present study investigated dynamic variations in interference control, in addition to overall interference susceptibility and working memory (WM) performance in matched groups of 24 PTSD patients and 26 traumatized and 30 nontraumatized healthy controls. The Simon task was used to measure overall interference susceptibility and the flexible adjustment of cognitive control, on the basis of the occurrence of response conflicts (conflict adaptation effect). WM performance was assessed with the forward and backward digit span tasks. Since we have previously shown that trauma exposure per se is associated with reduced hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), we further explored whether PTSD/trauma-related cognitive alterations are related to HCC in proximal 3-cm hair segments. The results revealed that PTSD patients and traumatized controls showed significantly more pronounced conflict adaptation effects than nontraumatized controls. Moreover, the conflict adaptation effect was positively related to the number of lifetime traumatic events and the frequency of traumatization. The groups did not differ in overall interference susceptibility or WM performance. Exploratory analyses revealed no association between HCC and the observed cognitive differences. These results suggest that context-driven control adjustments constitute a sensitive correlate of trauma exposure, irrespective of PTSD. 相似文献
95.
Stephanie Badde Tobias Heed Brigitte Röder 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2014,76(4):1136-1150
To perform an action toward a touch, the tactile spatial representation must be transformed from a skin-based, anatomical reference frame into an external reference frame. Evidence suggests that, after transformation, both anatomical and external coordinates are integrated for the location estimate. The present study investigated whether the calculation and integration of external coordinates are automatic processes. Participants made temporal order judgments (TOJs) of two tactile stimuli, one applied to each hand, in crossed and uncrossed postures. The influence of the external coordinates of touch was indicated by the performance difference between crossed and uncrossed postures, referred to as the crossing effect. To assess automaticity, the TOJ task was combined with a working memory task that varied in difficulty (size of the working memory set) and quality (verbal vs. spatial). In two studies, the crossing effect was consistently reduced under processing load. When the load level was adaptively adjusted to individual performance (Study 2), the crossing effect additionally varied as a function of the difficulty of the secondary task. These modulatory effects of processing load on the crossing effect were independent of the type of working memory. The sensitivity of the crossing effect to processing load suggests that coordinate integration for touch localization is not fully automatic. To reconcile the present results with previous findings, we suggest that the genuine remapping process—that is, the transformation of anatomical into external coordinates—proceeds automatically, whereas their integration in service of a combined location estimate is subject to top-down control. 相似文献
96.
The congruency effect in distracter interference tasks is typically smaller when the previous trial was incongruent as compared to congruent, suggesting the operation of a control process that minimizes the influence of irrelevant stimuli on behavior. However, both the conditions under which this congruency sequence effect (CSE) can be most easily observed without the typical learning and memory confounds, and the control process underlying it, remain controversial. We therefore tested a recent hypothesis that the CSE is most easily observed without the typical confounds when the distracter is processed before the target. In line with this “distracter head start” hypothesis, in Experiments 1 and 2 the CSE was larger when the distracter appeared before, relative to with, the target. Further, in Experiment 3, we observed a negative congruency effect after incongruent trials when a long interval separated the distracter from the target, consistent with a modulation of the response engendered by the distracter but not with a shift of attention toward the target. These findings reveal an important determinant of CSE magnitude when the typical learning and memory confounds are absent and new insights into the nature of control processes that contribute to this phenomenon. 相似文献
97.
Tobias Koch Martin Schultze Minjeong Jeon Fridtjof W. Nussbeck Anna-Katharina Praetorius Michael Eid 《Multivariate behavioral research》2016,51(1):67-85
Multirater (multimethod, multisource) studies are increasingly applied in psychology. Eid and colleagues (2008) proposed a multilevel confirmatory factor model for multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data combining structurally different and multiple independent interchangeable methods (raters). In many studies, however, different interchangeable raters (e.g., peers, subordinates) are asked to rate different targets (students, supervisors), leading to violations of the independence assumption and to cross-classified data structures. In the present work, we extend the ML-CFA-MTMM model by Eid and colleagues (2008) to cross-classified multirater designs. The new C4 model (Cross-Classified CTC[M-1] Combination of Methods) accounts for nonindependent interchangeable raters and enables researchers to explicitly model the interaction between targets and raters as a latent variable. Using a real data application, it is shown how credibility intervals of model parameters and different variance components can be obtained using Bayesian estimation techniques. 相似文献
98.
Action Civics for Promoting Civic Development: Main Effects of Program Participation and Differences by Project Characteristics 下载免费PDF全文
Parissa J. Ballard Alison K. Cohen Joshua Littenberg‐Tobias 《American journal of community psychology》2016,58(3-4):377-390
Using both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined the effect of participating in an action civics intervention, Generation Citizen (GC), on civic commitment, civic self‐efficacy, and two forms of civic knowledge. The sample consisted of 617 middle and high schools students in 55 classrooms who participated, or were soon to participate, in Generation Citizen. Hierarchical linear models revealed that participating in Generation Citizen was associated with positive gains in action civics knowledge and civic self‐efficacy. Qualitative coding identified three types of project characteristics that captured variability in the action projects student chose to complete: context, content, and contact with decision makers. Interactions between project characteristics and participation in GC revealed differences in civic outcomes depending on project characteristics. 相似文献
99.
Frances Hoferichter Diana Raufelder Tobias Ringeisen Sonja Rohrmann William M. Bukowski 《The Journal of psychology》2016,150(4):450-468
The current study concerns the validation of an English version of the German Test Anxiety Inventory, namely the PAF-E. This questionnaire is a multi-faceted measure of test anxiety designed to detect normative test anxiety levels and in consequence meet the need of consultancy. Construct and criterion validity of (PAF-E) were examined with a sample of 96 secondary students (Mage = 12.8, SD = 0.67; 55% girls) from an international school in Berlin (Germany) and 399 secondary students (Mage = 13.4, SD = 0.80; 56% girls) from Montréal (Canada). Both samples completed the PAF-E and related constructs, such as school-related self-efficacy, inhibitory test anxiety, achievement motivation, and the Big Five. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the four-factor-structure (worry, emotionality, interfering thoughts, lack of confidence) of the original German Test Anxiety Inventory (PAF). Each subscale consists of five items with a total of 20 questions. Cronbach's alpha, ranging from.71 to.82 among Germans and.77 to.87 among Canadians as well as the re-test reliability (from.80 to.85 among Canadians) were sufficient. The differential patterns of correlations between other constructs and the indices of test anxiety indicate good construct validity. 相似文献
100.
Interindividual differences in how people think and feel about politics have been investigated for decades. However, the great number of attitudinal concepts that has been developed to describe these differences is likely to distract from their conceptual overlap and dimensional structure. In addition, not much is known about the cross-cultural invariance of their interrelation. We propose that attitudes towards politics can be structured by two broad higher-order factors, a factor of general political involvement and a factor of general political trust. In two studies (N1 = 767; N2 = 29,018), including representative samples from 26 democracies, we first conduct several confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to show that the higher-order model is a well-fitting and parsimonious alternative to a baseline model without higher-order factors in most samples. Second, we present evidence from multigroup CFA that the overall patterns of factor loadings are the same across all 26 countries. We interpret this structural equivalence across different democracies as support for the assumption that general political involvement and general political trust reflect basic orientations towards politics that are based on (1) demands of democratic political systems and (2) universal principles in human trait structure. 相似文献