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381.
382.
A moderated process model is presented that attempts to explain the consistency between implicit and explicit indicators as a function of awareness, i.e. the degree to which persons become aware of their implicit attitude, and adjustment, i.e. the degree to which they adjust for the explicit response. In two experiments on attitudes of West Germans toward East Germans and Turks, a number of dispositional moderators pertaining to awareness and adjustment were tested. Concerning moderators affecting awareness, no reliable first‐order effects were found for Private Self‐Consciousness or Attitudinal Self‐Knowledge. However, Attitude Importance generated the expected effect. Concerning moderators influencing adjustment, consistent effects were obtained for Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions. Social Desirability and Self‐Monitoring did not moderate the implicit–explicit relationship in the expected direction. Some evidence was found for a second‐order moderator effect between awareness and adjustment, suggesting that adjustment effects may be more pronounced under conditions of high awareness. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
383.
Peter Fischer Tobias Greitemeyer Fabian Pollozek Dieter Frey 《European journal of social psychology》2006,36(2):267-278
Previous research in bystander intervention found that the presence of other bystanders reduces helping behaviour in an emergency (bystander effect). This research was mainly conducted in the context of non‐dangerous, non‐violent emergencies. We hypothesize that the classic bystander effect does not occur in more dangerous situations because: a) they are faster and more clearly recognized as emergency situations; and b) higher costs for refusing help increase the accepted costs for helping. Following this line of reasoning, the present research tests whether the bystander effect is affected by the degree of the emergency's potential danger. Results supported our expectations: In situations with low potential danger, more help was given in the solitary condition than in the bystander condition. However, in situations with high potential danger, participants confronted with an emergency alone or in the presence of another bystander were similarly likely to help the victim. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
384.
Herbert Scheithauer Tobias Hayer Franz Petermann Gert Jugert 《Aggressive behavior》2006,32(3):261-275
A revised version of the Bully/Victim Questionnaire [Olweus, 1991] was given to 2,086 fifth–tenth grader students from schools in two German federal states. The results were analysed in terms of frequencies of self‐reports of different forms of bullying (physical, verbal, relational/indirect; for bullies and for victims), gender and grade differences. Overall, 12.1% of the students reported bullying others and 11.1% reported being bullied (victimisation). We classified 2.3% of the students as bully/victims due to their self‐report. Significantly more boys reported bullying others, regardless of bullying form, and significantly more boys than girls were classified as bully/victims. Although there was no gender difference for victimisation at all, boys reported significantly more often than girls being bullied physically. Besides, self‐reports of pure and overlapping forms of bullying behaviour (relational, verbal, physical) were analysed. With regard to age trends, students from middle grades reported the highest rates of bullying. Self‐reported rates of victimisation were higher for younger students, regardless of form of victimisation. Furthermore, class size was not linked to reports of bullying and victimisation. Results from logistic regression analyses emphasised that the variables “gender” and “grade” add significantly to the prediction of self‐reported bullying; “grade” and variables measuring impaired psychosocial “well‐being” of students at school (e.g., feeling of not being popular, negative attitude towards breaks) add significantly to the prediction of self‐reported victimisation. The results are discussed against the background of other study findings, accentuating the significance of gender‐ and age‐specific forms of bullying/victimisation. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–15, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
385.
Daniela Niesta Kayser Tobias Greitemeyer Peter Fischer Dieter Frey 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(7):1136-1157
A long tradition in the help giving literature assumes that mood states determine the level of prosocial behaviour shown by individuals. Most research in this area has been conducted in the context of low cost prosocial behaviour, whereas research has been neglected in which participants were confronted with situations involving potential severe and dangerous negative consequences (i.e., high cost situations) with the help‐giver risking his moral integrity and social disapproval (i.e., moral courage). To address this gap in the literature, the present studies investigate differential effects of positive and negative compared with neutral mood states on help giving versus moral courage. Study 1 shows that in situations requiring low cost helping, participants were more likely to help in positive and negative moods than those in a neutral mood, whereas in situations requiring moral courage (high cost), participants were comparably likely to help in each of the three mood conditions. In Study 2, we find that salience of moral norms mediates the interaction between type of prosocial behaviour and mood. Finally, Study 3 investigates whether the apparent discrepancy between help giving and moral courage as established by the differential impact of mood states can be determined still differently. It reveals that justice sensibility, civil disobedience, resistance to group pressure, moral mandates, and anger lead to moral courage, but not to help giving. Differences between these two types of prosocial behaviour are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
386.
Carol A. Sommer Janice E. Ward Thomas Scofield 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2010,88(4):500-507
The authors describe a qualitative study that explored how the use of stories in supervision may contribute to self‐reflection in master's‐level counseling interns. Interns from 2 universities participated in facilitated discussions of 3 fairy tales throughout a semester. The analysis of storied discussions revealed 3 themes related to supervisee experience: recurring cycles of highs and lows, balancing external and internal influences, and struggles with self‐awareness. Suggestions for practice and future research are included. 相似文献
387.
388.
Annekathrin Schacht Olaf Dimigen Werner Sommer 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(3):349-356
It has been suggested that cognitive conflicts require effortful processing and, therefore, are aversive (Botvinick, 2007).
In the present study, we compared conflicts emerging from the inhibition of a predominant response tendency in a go/no-go
task with those between incompatible response activations in a Simon task in a within-subjects design, using the same type
of stimuli. Whereas no-go trials elicited reduced skin conductance and pupillometric responses, but prolonged corrugator muscle
activity, as compared with go trials, incompatible and compatible Simon trials were indistinguishable with respect to these
parameters. Furthermore, the conflictsensitive N2 components of the event-related brain potential were similar in amplitude,
but showed significantly different scalp distributions, indicating dissociable neural generator systems. The present findings
suggest the involvement of different emotional and cognitive processes in both types of cognitive conflicts—none being aversive,
however. In addition, the N2 findings call into question claims of common monitoring systems for all kinds of cognitive conflicts. 相似文献
389.
Simon Hanslmayr Tobias Staudigl Alp Aslan Karl-Heinz Bäuml 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(3):329-338
Retrieving a target item from episodic memory typically enhances later memory for the retrieved item but causes forgetting
of competing irrelevant memories. This finding is termed retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) and is assumed to be the consequence of an inhibitory mechanism resolving retrieval competition. In the present study,
we examined brain oscillatory processes related to RIF, as induced by competitive memory retrieval. Contrasting a competitive
with a noncompetitive retrieval condition, we found a stronger increase in early evoked theta (4–7 Hz) activity, which specifically
predicted RIF, but not retrieval-induced enhancement. Within the cognitive framework of RIF, these findings suggest that theta
oscillations reflect arising interference and its resolution during competitive retrieval in episodic memory. Supplemental
materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
390.
Holger Hoffmann Henrik Kessler Tobias Eppel Stefanie Rukavina Harald C. Traue 《Acta psychologica》2010,135(3):278-283
Two experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effect of expression intensity on gender differences in the recognition of facial emotions. The first experiment compared recognition accuracy between female and male participants when emotional faces were shown with full-blown (100% emotional content) or subtle expressiveness (50%). In a second experiment more finely grained analyses were applied in order to measure recognition accuracy as a function of expression intensity (40%-100%). The results show that although women were more accurate than men in recognizing subtle facial displays of emotion, there was no difference between male and female participants when recognizing highly expressive stimuli. 相似文献