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251.
Being a feminist has been operationalized as a label (linked with activism), beliefs (associated with personal and interpersonal outcomes), and their combination. Using an internet survey completed by 220 American mid-western college women, we explored the unique and combined impact of feminist self-labeling with feminist beliefs on women??s well-being, egalitarianism, and activism. Self-labeling was most clearly defined as a binary declaration of being a feminist or not, which alone was related to increased feminist activism above and beyond the impact of feminist beliefs. Furthermore, self-labeling, unlike feminist beliefs, was not related to personal well-being or interpersonal egalitarianism. Our findings confirm the exclusive and singular importance of self-labeling for enhanced feminist action. 相似文献
252.
Peter Fischer Stephen Lea Andreas Kastenmüller Tobias Greitemeyer Julia Fischer Dieter Frey 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2011
The present research investigated whether the tendency to prefer decision-consistent to decision-inconsistent information after making a preliminary choice would vary during the sequential process of searching for additional pieces of decision-relevant information. Specifically, it was tested whether decision makers would be more confirmatory in their information evaluation and search at the commencement rather than end of an information search process. In fact, five studies revealed that participants exhibited stronger confirmatory tendencies in both information evaluation (Studies 2 and 5) and search (Studies 1, 3, and 4) immediately after making a preliminary decision compared to during the later stages of an information search process. With regard to the underlying mechanism, results further revealed that individuals appear to be more motivated to detect the best decision alternative at the beginning (as opposed to the end) of an information search process, which leads to increases in confirmatory information processing during these stages. 相似文献
253.
Tobias Greitemeyer Susanne Lebek Dieter Frey Eva Traut-Mattausch 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(3):284-298
Past research revealed that people were prone to persist with losing courses of action. However, in these studies, it was
unclear in advance whether discontinuation of the course of action was not too early. The present research showed that participants
tried to actively change a troubling situation (primary control) even if they were aware that the situation was not amenable
to change. It was further examined why people use primary control in unchangeable situations. It was hypothesized and found
that unchangeable (relative to changeable) situations give rise to extreme anticipated affect, which in turn is associated
with the use of primary control strategies. Thus, it appears that anticipated affects (partly) underlie people’s tendency
to cling to losing courses of action. 相似文献
254.
Heed T Gründler M Rinkleib J Rudzik FH Collins T Cooke E O'Regan JK 《Acta psychologica》2011,138(1):263-271
During the “rubber hand illusion” (RHI) participants feel touch originating from an artificial hand, which is felt to belong to the own body. The perceived location of the real hand is shifted towards the location of the artificial hand. However, evidence as to whether the RHI is accompanied by alterations of hand action is mixed. We found that the perceived size of one's own hand was affected by the size of the artificial hand that was used to elicit the illusion. Moreover, we tested a possible transfer of the RHI to a reach-to-grasp action. We observed that hand transport (i.e., reach) errors after RHI induction were independent of artificial hand size, showing that the parameter which is important for these reaching errors is the hand's perceived location. Results thus show that the RHI affects not only perceptual, but also action processing. In contrast, grip aperture was affected by artificial hand size independent of the RHI, suggesting that visual information about hand size affects grasping independent of embodiment of the artificial hand. Grip size increased with artificial hand size; this effect is explained by a higher reliance on proprioceptive information during blind reaching after receiving distorted visual information. 相似文献
255.
A framework for local cortical oscillation patterns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oscillations are a pervasive feature of neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex. Here, we propose a framework for understanding local cortical oscillation patterns in cognition: two classes of network interactions underlying two classes of cognitive functions produce different local oscillation patterns. Local excitatory-inhibitory interactions shape neuronal representations of sensory, motor and cognitive variables, and produce local gamma-band oscillations. By contrast, the linkage of such representations by integrative functions such as decision-making is mediated by long-range cortical interactions, which yield more diverse local oscillation patterns often involving the beta range. This framework reconciles different cortical oscillation patterns observed in recent studies and helps to understand the link between cortical oscillations and the fMRI signal. Our framework highlights the notion that cortical oscillations index the specific circuit-level mechanisms of cognition. 相似文献
256.
Tobias Starzak 《Philosophia》2012,40(3):473-482
A common view in philosophy is that the way human beings reason is not only gradually better, but that our way of reasoning is fundamentally distinctive. Findings in the psychology of reasoning challenge the traditional view according to which human beings reason in accordance with the laws of logic and probability theory, but rather suggest that human reasoning consists in the application of domain specific rules of thumb similar to those that we ascribe to some intelligent non-human animals as well. However, this view on human reasoning is unable to explain human accomplishments like technological innovations or scientific progress. David Papineau offers a theory of human theoretical rationality that is consistent with the psychological view on human reasoning but that can also explain how humans sometimes are able to transcend the limitations of their biologically quick and dirty modes of thought and thereby reach a high level of accuracy. Papineau claims that the abilities that constitute theoretical rationality are unique to the human species and thus, that human reasoning is fundamentally distinctive after all. In this paper I am going to discuss to what extent these abilities in fact are unique to our species and whether this theoretical rationality can be called an anthropological difference. 相似文献
257.
Krämer M Seefeldt WL Heinrichs N Tuschen-Caffier B Schmitz J Wolf OT Blechert J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(1):95-104
Reports of exaggerated anxiety and physiological hyperreactivity to social-evaluative situations are characteristic of childhood
social phobia (SP). However, laboratory research on subjective, autonomic and endocrine functioning in childhood SP is scarce,
inconsistent and limited by small sample sizes, limited breadth of measurements, and the use of non-standardized stressor
tasks. We exposed 8–12-year-old children with DSM-IV SP (n = 41) and matched healthy control children (HC; n = 40) to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) while measuring subjective anxiety, heart rate (HR) and salivary
alpha-amylase (sAA) as well as salivary cortisol. The SP children showed heightened reactivity to the TSST-C on subjective
anxiety compared to the HC children but not a heightened reactivity in HR, sAA or cortisol. However, the SP children showed
chronically elevated HR levels throughout the whole laboratory session. Whereas subjective anxiety seems to respond specifically
to social-evaluative stress in childhood SP, HR levels may be chronically elevated suggesting a more generalized autonomic
hyperreactivity. 相似文献
258.
Being able to exploit features of the human face to predict health and fitness can serve as an evolutionary advantage. Surface features such as facial symmetry, averageness, and skin colour are known to influence attractiveness. We sought to determine whether observers are able to extract more complex features, namely body weight. If possible, it could be used as a predictor for health and fitness. For instance, facial adiposity could be taken to indicate a cardiovascular challenge or proneness to infections. Observers seem to be able to glean body weight information from frontal views of a face. Is weight estimation robust across different viewing angles? We showed that participants strongly overestimated body weight for faces photographed from a lower vantage point while underestimating it for faces photographed from a higher vantage point. The perspective distortions of simple facial measures (e.g., width-to-height ratio) that accompany changes in vantage point do not suffice to predict body weight. Instead, more complex patterns must be involved in the height-weight illusion. 相似文献
259.
In two experiments, we established an order effect in responsibility attributions. In line with Spellman (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126: 323-348, 1997), who proposed that a person's perceived causal contribution varies with the degree to which it changes the probability of the eventual outcome, Experiment 1 showed that in a team challenge in which the players contribute sequentially, the last player's blame or credit is attenuated if the team's result has already been determined prior to her acting. Experiment 2 illustrated that this attenuation effect does not overgeneralize to situations in which the experienced order of events does not map onto the objective order of events; the level of the last person's performance is only discounted if that person knew that the result was already determined. Furthermore, Experiment 1 demonstrated that responsibility attributions remain sensitive to differences in performance, even if the outcome is already determined. We suggest a theoretical extension of Spellman's model, according to which participants' responsibility attributions are determined not only by whether a contribution made a difference in the actual situation, but also by whether it would have made a difference had things turned out somewhat differently. 相似文献
260.
The following presents the results of an investigation of strategies and preferences in human reasoning about quantified spatial relational assertions. An empirical study revealed a clear preference effect for specific models: The initially constructed model depends on the number of mental model operations. The participants' strategies can be classified as follows: (1) Models with grouped elements are preferred; (2) Models are constructed according to a parsimonious representation strategy. Systematic reasoning errors and illusions can be identified with logical connectors (AND: 86 % valid initial models; XOR: 47 %; Wilcoxon z = 4.6; p < .001). Error rates were smallest when using two universal quantifiers (All-All), they increase significantly when using one (Some-All; All-Some) and again using none (Some-Some) (Page's L = 436; z = 3.40 p < .001). Although the different assertions allowed for multiple situations, the difficulty can be traced back to specific quantifiers and logical connectors. 相似文献