Expectancy of Chinese Parents and Children's Cognitive Abilities

A total of 142 first grade and 188 fifth grade schoolchildren from Beijing were tested on 11 cognitive tasks. The parents of these children were surveyed with questionnaires to obtain family background materials, and were asked about their expectancies of their children's future careers and future educational achievements. It was found that fifth grade children from high career (professional) expectancy fathers tend to have better developed cognitive abilities, however there is no career expectancy effect on first grade children. Children from high school achievement expectancy fathers tend to have better developed cognitive skills, this educational expectancy effect is stronger for fifth grade children than first grade children. There is a general trend that the higher the educational level of the fathers, the higher expectancy they have for their children.     

Grading the ‘cultural literacy’ project

The essay examines the argument advanced by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., for instituting ‘cultural literacy’ as a fundamental priority of schools. A number of confusions and equivocations in Hirsch's reasoning are identified, and the propensity of his project to indoctrinate is exposed. Among the features of Hirsch's argument shown to be troubling are his shifting construal of ‘language’, his inconsistency about the requirements of cultural literacy, and his uncritical relation to traditional images of the American past and present. The upshot is to raise the question why Hirsch's project has elicited wide support and praise.     

Referenzsemantik in der Partnermodellierung

How can we explain that an assertion on something perceived can be understood in the same manner by somebody who cannot perceive that scene? This problem bases the interest in computational linguistics in how listener modeling could possibly be harmonized with reference semantics. Mental images substituting real perception appear as a way out. The architecture of the listener model has to be adapted to the creation and use of such pictorial data structures. Furthermore, the relation between the latter and a verbal (i. e., propositional) representation must be understood. The resulting architecture of a listener model with reference semantics can be employed to solve communicational problems from three general classes in a better way, as is demonstrated by an example implementation.     

乳头体对海马齿状回习得性长时程突触增强的影响

用高频电脉冲刺激大鼠乳头体（ＭＢ）,可一过性抑制由刺激穿通纤维（ＰＰ）诱发的海马齿状回（ＤＧ）群体锋电位（ＰＳ）。训练作业前先刺激ＭＢ,导致ＤＧ的习得性长时程突触增强（ＬＤＬＴＰ）的形成显著延缓,相应地延缓了条件性饮水反应的建立。电刺激ＭＢ对ＰＰ─ＤＧＰＳ的这种抑制作用在训练所产生的ＰＳ增大达最高水平时显著减弱,刺激ＭＢ对ＬＤＬＴＰ的保持及相应地对条件反应的巩固没有明显影响。结果表明ＭＢ对ＤＧＬＤＬＴＰ的形成有抑制性调制作用。     

Sensorimotor synchronization: Motor responses to pseudoregular auditory patterns

Musically trained and untrained subjects (N=30) were asked to synchronize their finger tapping with stimuli in auditory patterns. Each pattern comprised six successive tonal stimuli of the same duration, the first of which was accented by a different frequency. The duration of interstimulus onset intervals (ISIs) gradually increased or decreased in constant steps toward the end of the patterns. Four values of such steps were used in different trials: 20, 30, 45, and 60 msec. Various time-control mechanisms are hypothesized as being simultaneously responsible for subjects’ incorrect reproduction of the internal temporal ratios of the stimulus patterns. The mechanism of assimilation (of a central tendency) led subjects to enforce a regular (isochronous) structure on the patterns. The influence of other time-control mechanisms (distinction, subjective expression of an accent, sequential transfer) was expressed mainly in differences between intertap onset intervals (ITIs) and the corresponding ISIs at the beginning of the patterns. The duration of the first two ITIs was in the majority of the trials in an inverse ratio to the ratio of the respective ISIs. The distortions resulting from the timing mechanisms concerned were more pronounced in the performance of nonmusicians than in that of musicians.     

中国儿童和青少年肤色色度的测定

采用色差测色计对548名3—17岁的中国儿童和青少年进行了脸颊部肤色色度测定,分别测出X、Y、Z三刺激值及x、y色度坐标。结果表明:中国儿童和青少年的平均肤色色度值为x=0,3828,y=0.3454;反射率为26.02%;主波长为590.2nm;刺激纯度(Pe)为27.4%。女性的反射率略高于男性,反射率有随着年龄增长而逐步下降的趋势。男性的肤色刺激纯度则略高于女性,饱和度随着年龄增长而有逐步增大的趋势。中国儿童和青少年的结果和成年人的比较,反射率较之成年人高3%左右,饱和度则低4%左右,主波长则较长约0.9nm。     

Die Praxis als die “Entscheidende Antriebskraft” der Entwicklung der Physik im 17. Jahrhundert?

Ohne ZusammenfassungDieser Aufsatz ist Fortsetzung der Arbeit Marxist Theory and the Development of Physics. I., veröffentlicht inStudies in Soviet Thought 34 (1988) 73–78.     

Sensorimotor synchronization: Motor responses to regular auditory patterns

Subjects (N = 32) were asked to synchronize a motor response with tones in auditory patterns. These patterns were created from six tones and six intertone intervals of equal duration. The pitch of the first tone differed from the others. It was found that subjects used three types of timing in their motor response: (1) the first intertone interval was prolonged and the second interval was shortened, (2) the second intertone interval was prolonged and the first interval was shortened, and/or (3) the first interval and the second interval were of approximately the same length. The prolongation of the fifth interval was observed during all three types of timing. The results are explained using the concept of suprasegmental control of timing, which explains a prolongation of intervals at critical control point of the patterns. The occurrence of three different strategies of timing is discussed in connection with similar principles in musical performance.     

大学生的成就动机和成功恐惧研究

运用成就动机问卷和投射测验研究了大学生的成就动机和成功恐惧。结果表明 ,大学生的成功恐惧有四种 ,分别与人际、家庭、学业和事业有关。由投射测验引起的成功恐惧有明显的性别差异和专业差异。成就动机、追求成功的动机与成功恐惧负相关显著 ,避免失败的动机与成功恐惧正相关显著。