Do 9-month-old infants expect distinct words to refer to kinds?

In 3 experiments, 9-month-old infants' expectations for what distinct count noun labels refer to were investigated. In Experiment 1, a box was opened to reveal 2 objects inside during familiarization: either 2 identical objects or 2 different objects. Test trials followed the same procedure, except before the box was opened, the contents were described using 2 distinct labels ("I see a wug! I see a dak!") or the same label twice ("I see a zav! I see a zav!"). Infants who heard a label repeated twice looked longer at 2 different objects versus 2 identical objects, whereas infants who heard 2 distinct labels showed a different pattern of looking. Experiments 2 and 3 presented infants with object pairs that only differed in shape or color, and it was found that infants expected the different-shaped (but not the different-colored) objects to be labeled by distinct count nouns. Because the property of shape is a cue to kind membership and the property of color is not, these results suggest that even at the beginning of word learning, infants may expect distinct labels to refer to distinct kinds of objects.     

Locus of control, self-control, and family income as predictors of young children's mathematics and science scores

Locus of control, self-control, and family income were investigated as possible predictors of 138 young children's mathematics and science scores. The children, 60 boys and 78 girls, ranging from 4 to 8 years of age (M = 5.4, SD = 1.3) were administered the Stephens-Delys Reinforcement Contingency Interview Scale, the Self-control Rating Scale, the Comprehensive Mathematics Inventory, and a science test based on the work of D. K. Dickinson. Analysis showed mathematics scores were positively related to income, locus of control, and science scores. Mathematics and science scores were negatively related to lack of self-control. Also, science scores were positively related to locus of control. Multiple regression analysis with mathematics as the dependent variable indicated income had the greatest predictive value followed by self-control and locus of control. The multiple regression model of science was also significant, with locus of control having the greatest influence followed by self-control.     

Sensitive questions in surveys

Psychologists have worried about the distortions introduced into standardized personality measures by social desirability bias. Survey researchers have had similar concerns about the accuracy of survey reports about such topics as illicit drug use, abortion, and sexual behavior. The article reviews the research done by survey methodologists on reporting errors in surveys on sensitive topics, noting parallels and differences from the psychological literature on social desirability. The findings from the survey studies suggest that misreporting about sensitive topics is quite common and that it is largely situational. The extent of misreporting depends on whether the respondent has anything embarrassing to report and on design features of the survey. The survey evidence also indicates that misreporting on sensitive topics is a more or less motivated process in which respondents edit the information they report to avoid embarrassing themselves in the presence of an interviewer or to avoid repercussions from third parties.     

协和育才模式与创造性人格

创造性人格是个体创造力的主体部分。协和医科大学的教育模式有助于培养医学生积极的人生态度、高度的自我肯定评价、强烈的内在动机、自主的认知风格以及丰富的情感。在我国高等医学教育改革进程中,普通医学院校应将协和模式与本校实际相结合,加强对医学生创造性人格的培养,增强其创造力,更好地适应国际医学发展的需求。     

国内城市社区健康教育和健康促进研究

分析了我国城市化加速发展过程中出现的城市社区健康问题及其影响因素。在对社区健康教育与健康促进的作用和意义进行探讨的基础上,提出解决这些城市健康问题的根本途径是城市社区健康教育与健康促进策略,并针对我国城市社区健康教育与健康促进的研究和发展现状提出对策建议。     

协和育才模式与创造性人格

创造性人格是个体创造力的主体部分.协和医科大学的教育模式有助于培养医学生积极的人生态度、高度的自我肯定评价、强烈的内在动机、自主的认知风格以及丰富的情感.在我国高等医学教育改革进程中,普通医学院校应将协和模式与本校实际相结合,加强对医学生创造性人格的培养,增强其创造力,更好地适应国际医学发展的需求.     

儒家和谐思想义理发微

从内涵方面说,儒家和谐观注重不同因素之间良性的交互感通,相互配合,相互作用,从而使事物整体健康的发展变化;从价值基础说,儒家和谐思想立足于生命的体认与感通,认为人要通过对自我生命本质的体认,感通了悟天地万物、社会人生的生命本质,使个体生命积极的融入到群体生命、宇宙生命之中,展开的基本思路是由己及人,由内到外,从修养自身和谐做起,再推衍到人与人的和谐、社会的和谐、天地的和谐;从现代价值来说,源远流长的儒家和谐思想对当今世界有重大的启示作用。     

基于认知理论的测验编制技术—项目生成

传统测验重视统计技术,不重视测量结构的心理学意义,使得它的功能局限于筛选,不能提供更多的信息。由于认知心理学理论、心理计量学以及计算机技术的发展,使得基于认知理论指导下的项目生成技术逐渐成熟。该文从项目生成的概念、方法,及研究的意义和难点等方面对项目生成技术作了一个简要述评,以期推进我国认知心理学与心理测量学相结合的研究工作。     

从近代福州基督教会看女信徒的教会地位

基督教自近代大规模传入福州以来,在西方文明理念和中国社会进步大潮的推动下采取了许多措施,使得教内女信徒的地位有所改善和提高;但由于基督教教义天然的保守性和近代中国社会改良的滞后性,女信徒的教会地位又有一定的局限。教会中真正意义上的男女平等的实现最终有赖于全社会女性地位的整体提高。     

中国北方民族萨满文化所体现的生态伦理价值观念

萨满文化产生的基础是中国北方民族传统的渔猎、游牧经济和建立在这种经济基础上的氏族社会。萨满文化因其特定的地域和鲜明的民族特色,透过神灵创世、神生万物、万物有灵的精神世界,在人和自然界间体现了相互依存、荣辱与共的和谐互动关系,蕴含着人要适应环境,以自然为本,保护自然、亲近自然的原始环保理念。