3～6岁儿童信念理解能力的发展研究

研究设计了冲突真实信念任务,用于考察儿童对真实信念的理解;并利用区分信念、冲突真实信念和意外地点的错误信念任务,考察儿童理解信念推理基本规则、真实信念和错误信念的发展顺序。97名3~6岁儿童完成了测试。结果显示,3岁儿童能理解信念推理的基本规则,5岁儿童能理解真实信念,6岁儿童能理解错误信念。结果支持了儿童先理解真实信念,后理解错误信念的发展模式;也说明在理解信念以前儿童已能掌握信念推理的基本规则。     

重读对语篇表征中的信息的激活的影响

考察在口语语篇表征中重读是如何影响新信息和旧信息的激活.结果表明,与无重读的基线条件相比,重读条件下,新信息和旧信息在语篇表征中的激活水平都提高.无论其信息结构如何,重读会提高它所标识的概念节点在语篇表征中的激活.     

A cross-culturally standardized set of pictures for younger and older adults: American and Chinese norms for name agreement, concept agreement, and familiarity.

The present study presents normative measures for 260 line drawings of everyday objects, found in Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980), viewed by individuals in China and the United States. Within each cultural group, name agreement, concept agreement, and familiarity measures were obtained separately for younger adults and older adults. For a subset of 57 pictures (22%), there was equivalence in both name agreement and concept agreement, and for an additional subset of 29 pictures (11%), there was nonequivalent name agreement but equivalent concept agreement, across all culture-by-age groups. The data indicate substantial differences across culture-by-age groups in name agreement percentages and number of distinct name responses provided. We discovered significant differences between older and younger American adults in both name agreement percentages (67 pictures, or 26%) and concept agreement percentages (44 pictures, or 17%). Written naming responses collected for the entire set of Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures showed shifts in both naming and concept agreement percentages over the intervening decades: Although correlations in name agreement were strong (r = .71, p < .001) between our younger American samples and those of Snodgrass and Vanderwart, name agreement percentages have changed for a substantial proportion (33%) of the 260 pictures; moreover, 63% of the stimuli for which Snodgrass and Vanderwart reported concept agreement now appear to differ. We provide comprehensive comparison statistics and tests for both the present study and prior ones, finding differences across numerous item-level measures. The corpus of data suggests that substantial differences in all measures can be found across age as well as culture, so that unequivocal conclusions with respect to cross-cultural or age-related differences in cognition can be made only when appropriate stimuli are selected for studies. Data for all 260 pictures, for each of the four groups, and all supporting materials and tests are freely archived at http://agingmind.cns.uiuc.edu/Pict_Norms. The full set of these norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.     

思维风格与创造性倾向关系的研究

本研究运用斯腾伯格编制的思维风格问卷与威廉斯编制王木荣等修订的创造性倾向问卷对大学生进行测量 ,比较了不同思维风格创造性倾向的高低 ,以及思维风格对创造性倾向的预测。发现可以从思维风格这种认知方式的角度对创造力作定性、定量的阐述 ,高创造性倾向者在某些风格上显著高于低创造性倾向者。本研究还探讨了大学生思维风格的特点 ,比较了不同专业及性别在思维风格上的差异 ,为了解我国大学生思维风格特点提供了一些资料。     

冲动性特质对高中生自杀意念的影响:校园排斥与生命意义感的作用

采用冲动性特质量表、青少年遭受校园排斥问卷、生命意义感量表、自杀意念量表对633名高中生进行调查。结果表明:(1)冲动性特质对高中生自杀意念有显著的正向预测作用;(2)校园排斥在冲动性特质与高中生自杀意念间起部分中介作用;(3)冲动性特质经由校园排斥影响高中生自杀意念的中介作用受生命意义感的调节,随着生命意义感的增加,校园排斥对自杀意念的效应逐步减弱。冲动性特质可以通过校园排斥增加高中生自杀意念强度,而生命意义感能有效降低校园排斥对自杀意念的消极影响。     

犯罪心理学研究中运用量化方法引起的理论思考

量化与统计分析,是一项重要的研究方法。这一方法在犯罪心理学研究中得到了广泛运用,同时也存在着使用的局限性。犯罪人有很强的心理掩饰性,对包括犯罪人在内的人的心理的测量实际上是一种间接测量,测得的数据是心理学家标定的数据,兼有客观性与主观性。量化研究如果不与科学思维相结合,有可能得出浅薄平庸甚至错误的结论。心理学研究应当以"人性"为基点,多种方法综合运用,实现量化方法与非量化方法的有机结合。     

诱导排尿反射对急性酒精性意识障碍患者催醒作用的研究

为了观察以呋塞米注射液诱导排尿反射对急性酒精性意识障碍患者促醒的作用,将30例急性重度酒精中毒患者纳入观察,随机分为2组,每组15例.两组患者均予补液,营养支持,纠正水电解质、酸碱平衡等对症处理.对照组予注射用纳洛酮2mg,加入5％葡萄糖溶液中静滴,纳洛酮日总用量不超过4.0mg.观察组在对照组基础上,加用呋塞米注射液20mg静脉推注,1次/日.对照组治疗后平均苏醒时间为1.85h±0.26h,观察组治疗后平均苏醒时间为1.28h±0.22h,经t检验,t=6.481 7,P＜0.01,提示观察组疗效优于对照组.笔者认为,以呋塞米注射液诱导排尿反射对急性酒精性意识障碍患者有较好的促醒作用,不仅与促进酒精代谢有关,兴奋觉醒中枢亦是其可能的机制.     

A tetrad test for causal indicators

The authors propose a confirmatory tetrad analysis test to distinguish causal from effect indicators in structural equation models. The test uses "nested" vanishing tetrads that are often implied when comparing causal and effect indicator models. The authors present typical models that researchers can use to determine the vanishing tetrads for 4 or more variables. They also provide the vanishing tetrads for mixtures of causal and effect indicators, for models with fewer than 4 indicators per latent variable, or for cases with correlated errors. The authors illustrate the test results for several simulation and empirical examples and emphasize that their technique is a theory-testing rather than a model-generating approach. They also review limitations of the procedure including the indistinguishable tetrad equivalent models, the largely unknown finite sample behavior of the test statistic, and the inability of any procedure to fully validate a model specification.