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881.
Three experiments were conducted to examine the role of target information in manual aiming. The key manipulations in this experiment were the use of two target contexts (the two forms of the Müller-Lyer illusion) and the visual conditions under which subjects moved. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that the inward- and outward-pointing arrows biased manual-aiming movements in a manner consistent with their well-known influence on perceptual judgements. The elimination of visual feedback during the aiming movement (Experiment 2), and visual information about the target-aiming layout prior to the movement (Experiment 3) increased the magnitude of the bias. Together, these results demonstrate the strong effect of target information on manual aiming, and specifically, on the movement-planning processes that precede movement. 相似文献
882.
The amount of physical damage may have no fixed relation to how much and in what ways a patient's life is disrupted. The authors discuss a model which addresses the bio-psycho-social complexity of a patient's illness and the narrative constructions which the patient, family members, and health care professionals influence to co-create the patient's identification with being sick. This minimalist model invites the reader to consider a variety of interrelated variable lenses through which to view the narratives around a patient's illness. Clinical case examples are used to illustrate the dominant story themes. 相似文献
883.
The effects of an existing token reinforcement program upon the acquisition and maintenance of independent living skills of 12 disabled adults in two halfway houses were investigated. Tokens (points) were used to purchase advancement up a step/level system, pay daily “rent,” and purchase curfew extensions. Tokens were effective in maintaining independent living skill behaviors. However, hearing clients showed a decrease in independent living skill behaviors over the course of the program, while hearing impaired clients showed no change. This paradoxical finding appeared to be the result of inadvertant program contingencies that allowed a decrease in desired behaviors as subjects advanced to higher steps. The authors discuss how the program would be modified to increase behaviors associated with independent living skills. 相似文献
884.
The visual angle subtended by alphabetic stimuli seems to be given little regard in a large proportion of reading research. Existing empirical evidence suggests that this disregard may be unwise. We describe a modification to video monitors and oscilloscopes that allows the screen size of stimuli to be varied and permits words to be displayed at appropriate visual angles with accuracy and comparative ease. Other advantages of these modifications are also discussed. 相似文献
885.
The joint effects of social setting and loud noise on task performance are examined. In a modified version of the Bakan vigilance
task subjects were required to detect a sequence of two identical even digits and to report the two digits preceding the signal.
Two types of acoustic environment were compared: loud noise at 90 dBC and quiet noise at 60 dBC. Two types of social setting
were employed: “pair” where two subjects worked in the same room on similar tasks, and “single” where a subject performed
the task alone. The effects of noise and the presence of another did not interact. Loud noise increased the speed of responses
to signals early in the task. This effect is attributed to noise-induced arousal. There was a higher incidence of recall errors
in pre-signal digits when subjects were in pairs. This effect is attributed to distraction.
This research was part of a series of studies sponsored by the Social Science Research Council (Grant HR 5563 awarded to Dr.
A.J. Chapman and Dr. D.M. Jones). 相似文献
886.
887.
Jennifer R. Zarcone Brian A. Iwata Christine E. Hughes Timothy R. Vollmer 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1993,26(1):135-136
An individual's self-injurious escape behavior was treated using a high-probability instructional sequence with and without extinction. When presented alone, the high-probability sequence did not reduce self-injurious behavior. When escape extinction was implemented either alone or in combination with the high-probability sequence, self-injury decreased and compliance increased, suggesting that extinction may be a necessary component of the treatment for behavior problems maintained by escape. 相似文献
888.
Summary This paper explores age-related performance variability, both within trials and between sessions, in repetitive hopping. The mean, the standard deviation (SD), and the coefficient of variation (CV) of several timing and ground-reaction-force variables of hopping were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA for age-related effects across test sessions and foot used. Forty-five subjects in five age groups (3–4 years, 4–5 years, 6–7 years, 8–9 years, or Adult) performed self-paced, one-footed hopping on three occasions within one week. As was expected, the results showed main effects for Age in all force and time variables, with the exception of CV of medio-lateral force. No significant main effects for Feet were revealed. However, significant Feet x Session interactions were found in flight-time measures, with higher flight-time SD and lower CV for the non-preferred foot in Session 1, a reversal in Session 2, and a negligible difference in Session 3. Across sessions, decreased SD and CV for both vertical and medio-lateral force and shorter flight time indicated more efficient hopping. Overall, it was concluded that SD and CV measures were more sensitive measures of children's performance across repeated sessions than were mean scores and that the order of testing the limbs is an important consideration in experimental protocols when lateralized tasks are measured. 相似文献
889.
Several sociological perspectives, including social distance and social acquiescence theories, suggest that survey responses to threatening or sensitive questions may be influenced by interviewer gender. Most of the empirical work bearing on this issue has been conducted using face-to-face interviews. Research presented here examines interviewer gender effects in a telephone survey concerned with a sexually sensitive topic — the sale and consumption of pornographic materials. Subjects were mostly white middle-class adults living in a medium-sized metropolitan community. Approximately equal numbers of males (n=230) and females (n=219) were interviewed. Findings suggest that, although a weak trend indicative of an acquiescence effect was observed, interviewer gender effects may not in general be a serious source of nonsampling errors in telephone surveys.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1991 Conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, Illinois. The authors would like to thank Seymour Sudman, Richard Warnecke, and two anonymous reviewers for their insights on earlier versions of this paper. 相似文献
890.
Timothy L. Hubbard 《Memory & cognition》1993,21(1):103-114
Effects of background context on representational momentum -were examined in six experiments. In each experiment, three orientations of a target rectangle undergoing implied rotation (i.e., the inducing stimuli) were presented, and subjects judged whether the orientation of a fourth rectangle (i.e., the probe) was the same as or different from that of the third inducing stimulus. Target rectangles were enclosed within a larger square frame context during induction (i.e., presentation of the inducing stimuli), judgment (i.e., presentation of the probe), or both induction and judgment. If context during induction moved in the same direction as the inducing stimuli or if context during judgment was rotated slightly forward from the orientation of the final inducing stimulus, representational momentum was increased. If context during induction moved in the direction opposite to the inducing stimuli or if context during judgment was rotated slightly backward from the orientation of the final inducing stimulus, representational momentum was decreased or reversed. If context was present during both induction and judgment, direction of representational momentum was biased toward the context at judgment Implications of context for accounts of representational momentum are discussed, and a tentative model is proposed. 相似文献