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101.
102.
Brehmer Y Li SC Straube B Stoll G von Oertzen T Müller V Lindenberger U 《Psychology and aging》2008,23(2):227-238
The authors examined life-span differences in the maintenance of skilled episodic memory performance by assessing 100 individuals (10 -11, 12-13, 21-26, and 66-79 years old) 11 months after termination of an intensive multisession mnemonic training program (Y. Brehmer, S.-C. Li, V. Müller, T. von Oertzen, & U. Lindenberger, 2007). Skill maintenance was tested in 2 follow-up sessions, the first without and the second with mnemonic reinstruction. Younger and older adults' average performance levels were stable across time. In contrast, both younger and older children's memory performance improved beyond originally attained levels. Older adults' performance improved from the first to the second follow-up session, presumably profiting from instruction-induced skill reactivation. Results suggest that (a) skill maintenance is largely intact in healthy older adults, (b) older adults need environmental support to fully reactivate their former skill levels (cf. F. I. M. Craik, 1983), and (c) children adapt a skill learned 11 months ago to their increasing cognitive capabilities. 相似文献
103.
Two-tone pitch-comparison tasks typically comprise several successive pairs of successive tones separated by silent intervals.
The serial occurrence of such pairs has been associated with degraded task performance, but the nature of this association
is not fully understood. Human adult participants were presented with successive pairs of successive tones. The latter, to-be-compared
tone of a pair could differ from the former, to-be-remembered tone of 1046.5 Hz by no more than ±15 Hz (25 cents). The direction
of this difference was easier to identify when it was opposite to that of the preceding pair than when being the same. Merely
responding accordingly (irrespectively of whether the response was correct or not) was found not to account for this finding.
Our study demonstrates proactive interference in a two-tone pitch comparison task as the difficulty to remember when the first
tone of the present pair occurred relative to the last tone of the immediately preceding pair. 相似文献
104.
Finnilä-Tuohimaa K Santtila P Björnberg L Hakala N Niemi P Sandnabba K 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2008,49(4):311-323
A Child Sexual Abuse Attitude and Belief Scale was constructed and then answered by 242 child psychologists. Four CSA related attitude and belief subscales were identified through confirmatory factor analysis: (1) The Disclosure subscale reflecting favouring a disclosure at any cost; (2) The Pro-Child subscale reflecting unconditional belief in children's reports; (3) The Intuition subscale reflecting favouring an intuitive approach to CSA investigations; and (4) The Anti Criminal Justice System subscale reflecting negative attitudes towards the legal system. Beliefs that were erroneous according to empirical research were analyzed separately. The results suggest that some psychologists hold extreme attitudes and many erroneous beliefs related to CSA. Some misconceptions are common. Female participants tended to have stronger attitudes than male participants. The more training in interviewing children the participants had had, the more erroneous beliefs and stronger attitudes they had. Experience did not affect attitudes and beliefs. 相似文献
105.
Ravaja N Turpeinen M Saari T Puttonen S Keltikangas-Järvinen L 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2008,8(1):114-120
The authors examined emotional valence- and arousal-related phasic psychophysiological responses to different violent events in the first-person shooter video game "James Bond 007: NightFire" among 36 young adults. Event-related changes in zygomaticus major, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi electromyographic (EMG) activity and skin conductance level (SCL) were recorded, and the participants rated their emotions and the trait psychoticism based on the Psychoticism dimension of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire--Revised, Short Form. Wounding and killing the opponent elicited an increase in SCL and a decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity. The decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi activity was less pronounced among high Psychoticism scorers compared with low Psychoticism scorers. The wounding and death of the player's own character (James Bond) elicited an increase in SCL and zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity and a decrease in corrugator activity. Instead of joy resulting from victory and success, wounding and killing the opponent may elicit high-arousal negative affect (anxiety), with high Psychoticism scorers experiencing less anxiety than low Psychoticism scorers. Although counterintuitive, the wounding and death of the player's own character may increase some aspect of positive emotion. 相似文献
106.
107.
Anu‐Katriina Pesonen Katri Rikknen Timo Strandberg Liisa Keltikangas‐Jrvinen Anna‐Liisa Jrvenp 《Infant mental health journal》2004,25(2):99-116
The current study tested associations between parental depressive symptoms, adult attachment styles, and perceptions of infant temperament among 319 mother–infant and 173 father–infant dyads. Depressive symptoms and insecure attachment style among the mothers and/or fathers were associated with perceptions of the infant as temperamentally more negatively and/or less positively tuned. Multivariate analyses of depressive symptoms and attachment styles with perceived temperament suggest that depressive symptoms and perceived temperament remain significantly associated, while the associations between attachment styles and perceived temperament, in most instances, were reduced to nonsignificance. We also tested whether secure attachment among the parents buffered any negatively and/or positively tuned depression‐related perceptions, but found no supporting evidence. Even though the study results await replication in longitudinal designs, they nevertheless underline the significance of parental depressive information processing in the perceiving of infant temperament. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. 相似文献
108.
This paper is about the Linear Logistic Test Model (LLTM). We demonstrate that there are infinitely many equivalent ways to specify a model. An implication is that there may well be many ways to change the specification of a given LLTM and achieve the same improvement in model fit. To illustrate this phenomenon, we analyze a real data set using a Lagrange multiplier test for the specification of the model. This Lagrange multiplier test is similar to the modification index used in structural equation modeling. 相似文献
109.
Timo Saloviita 《Behavioral Interventions》2000,15(1):79-81
An unsuccessful treatment of night incontinence through Dry Bed training of a woman with profound mental retardation produced a possible positive generalized effect on her daily use of the toilet. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
Timo Lajunen Dianne Parker Heikki Summala 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》1999,2(4):209
In his recent article about aggressive driving, David Shinar proposed that the classical frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N., Mowrer, O. & Sears, R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press) provides a useful tool for understanding driver aggression (Shinar, D. (1998). Aggressive driving: the contribution of the drivers and situation. Transportation Research Part F, 1, 137–160). According to Shinar's (1998) application of the frustration–aggression hypothesis, driver aggression is caused by frustration because of traffic congestion and delays. In the present study, the relationships between exposure to congestion (rush-hour driving) and aggressive violations (DBQ) were investigated in Great Britain, Finland and the Netherlands. Partial correlations showed that the frequency of rush-hour driving did not correlate statistically significantly with driver aggression. Correlations between driving during rush-hour and aggression did not differ in magnitude from those between driving on country roads and aggressive violations. In addition, correlations between exposure to congestion and aggressive violations in countries with large number of vehicles per road kilometre (UK, Netherlands) were not higher than those in a sparsely populated country (Finland). These results from three countries suggest that congestion does not increase driver aggression as directly as suggested by Shinar (1998). 相似文献