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141.
Barnaby D. Dunn Danielle Billotti Vicky Murphy Tim Dalgleish 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(9):761-773
The present study investigated the consequences of different forms of emotion regulation. Eighty nine healthy participants viewed a distressing video of the aftermath of road traffic accidents under either suppression (of both felt and expressed affect), acceptance, or no-regulation control instructions and the immediate and longer-term consequences on emotion, mood, and memory were examined. Suppression (relative to control) led to reduced subjective experience of fear when viewing the video, but did not alter electrodermal (EDA) or heart rate (HR) response. Subsequently, suppression led to a less marked subjective emotional reaction to positive but not negative emotional images, reduced free recall memory of the video, and a greater likelihood of experiencing zero intrusions of the video's content. Acceptance (relative to control) had no impact when viewing the video, was associated with a less marked increase in EDA activity in the 5 min period immediately after viewing the video, a more marked HR deceleration and EDA response to both positive and negative images, and elevated negative affect at one week follow-up. These findings suggest, contrary to the current clinical zeitgeist, that emotion suppression can successfully lead to an ongoing down-regulation of emotion and memory, whereas acceptance may elevate subsequent emotionality. 相似文献
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143.
This paper examines Alfred Schutz’s insights on types and typification. Beginning with a brief overview of the history and
meaning of typification in interpretive sociology, the paper further addresses both the ubiquity and the necessity of typification in social life and scientific method. Schutz’s contribution itself is lacking in empirical application and
grounding, but examples are provided of ongoing empirical research which advances the understanding of types and typification.
As is suggested by illustrations from scholarship in the social studies of social science, studies of social identity associated
with membership categorization analysis, and constructionist social problems theory, typification can be found to be central
to social research whether it is taken up as a largely unacknowledged resource or whether it is addressed by different names.
The overview and illustrations suggest the continuing, widespread, and indeed foundational relevance of Schutz’s insights
into types and typification. 相似文献
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ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to identify and describe the extent, function, nature, and timeline of practice and preparation activities undertaken by experts in order to adapt to constraints unique to a specific upcoming competition.MethodA content analysis was conducted of data from interviews with 15 expert orienteers and six experienced orienteering coaches about competition-specific preparation in the sport of orienteering.ResultsThe analysis revealed several key concepts. First, competition-specific preparation is necessary because the constraints of a given orienteering competition vary across competitions. Second, owing to such variance, orienteers have limited advance information about the specific constraints of an upcoming competition, which impedes their preparation for that competition. Third, expert orienteers engage in a range of activities designed to gather information about the constraints of an upcoming competition. Fourth, this information is then used to identify or create practice environments that represent these constraints. Practice within these environments enables expert orienteers to adapt to these constraints before competing.ConclusionsCompetition-specific preparation appears critical to performance in sports in which environmental constraints change considerably between competitions. 相似文献
146.
Jessica Woodhams Tim D. Grant Andrew R. G. Price 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2007,4(1):17-27
Jaccard has been the choice similarity metric in ecology and forensic psychology for comparison of sites or offences, by species or behaviour. This paper applies a more powerful hierarchical measure—taxonomic similarity (Δs), recently developed in marine ecology—to the task of behaviourally linking serial crime. Forensic case linkage attempts to identify behaviourally similar offences committed by the same unknown perpetrator (called linked offences). Δs considers progressively higher‐level taxa, such that two sites show some similarity even without shared species. We apply this index by analysing 55 specific offence behaviours classified hierarchically. The behaviours are taken from 16 sexual offences by seven juveniles where each offender committed two or more offences. We demonstrate that both Jaccard and Δs show linked offences to be significantly more similar than unlinked offences. With up to 20% of the specific behaviours removed in simulations, Δs is equally or more effective at distinguishing linked offences than where Jaccard uses a full data set. Moreover, Δs retains significant difference between linked and unlinked pairs, with up to 50% of the specific behaviours removed. As police decision‐making often depends upon incomplete data, Δs has clear advantages and its application may extend to other crime types. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
147.
Developmental dissociations of preparation over time: deconstructing the variable foreperiod phenomena 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Vallesi A Shallice T 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(6):1377-1388
In a variable foreperiod (FP) paradigm, reaction times (RTs) decrease as a function of FP on trial n (FP effect) but increase with FP on trial n - 1 (sequential effects). These phenomena have traditionally been ascribed to different strategic preparation processes. According to an alternative explanation, common conditioning laws underlie both effects. The present study aims to disentangle these opposite views using a developmental perspective. In Experiment 1A, 4- to 11-year-old children and a control group of adults performed a simple RT task with variable FPs (1, 3, and 5 s). Furthermore, 12 4- to 5-year-old children were retested after 14 months (Experiment 1B). In Experiment 2, a narrower pool of participants (4, 5, and 6 years old) performed a variable FP paradigm with different FPs (1, 2, and 3 s). The results consistently suggest different ontogenetic time courses for the two effects: The sequential effects are already present in the youngest group (4-5 years old), whereas the FP effect appears gradually some years later. These findings are not fully compatible with previous views. A dual-process account is proposed to explain the data. 相似文献
148.
Tim Curran 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2001,5(12):109
Complex information, such as that required for motor skills, can be learned implicitly, without awareness. Much debate has centered on the appropriate methods for proving that implicit learning is not influenced by explicit awareness. A recent study by Destrebecqz and Cleeremans has provided compelling evidence for implicit sequence learning without awareness by using the ‘method of opposition’. 相似文献
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Tim MAUDLIN 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2006,73(3):696-704