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681.
682.
Kirkpatrick T Joyce E Milton J Duggan C Tyrer P Rogers RD 《Journal of personality disorders》2007,21(3):243-261
Previous studies have identified neuropsychological deficits in individuals with antisocial personality disorder and/or psychopathy. Few studies have examined neuropsychological functioning in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and no studies have yet investigated cognitive and emotional function in male prisoners with BPD. In this study, we compared the risky decision-making of 17 participants with a history of serious violent or sexual offenses and a diagnosis of DSM-IV BPD with that of 17 participants with similar offending histories but personality disorders other than BPD. Those with BPD exhibited altered processing of information about potential losses (punishment) when the probability of gains (reward) was high; they also increased their choice of risky options even in circumstances where this was clearly avoidable. These data suggest that individuals with a diagnosis of BPD and a history of serious offenses have problems integrating different reinforcement signals when choosing between risky actions, perhaps reflecting corticolimbic dysfunction as an underlying mechanism in BPD. 相似文献
683.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of nail biting in 4 settings (interventions) designed to elicit the functions of nail biting and to compare the results with a self-report questionnaire about the functions of nail biting. DESIGN: Randomised allocation of participants to order of conditions. SETTING: University Psychology Department. SUBJECTS: Forty undergraduates who reported biting their nails. INTERVENTIONS: Left alone (boredom), solving maths problems (frustration), reprimanded for nail biting (contingent attention), continuous conversation (noncontingent attention). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of times the undergraduates bit their nails. RESULTS: Nail biting occurred most often in two conditions, boredom and frustration. CONCLUSION: Nail biting in young adults occurs as a result of boredom or working on difficult problems, which may reflect a particular emotional state. It occurs least often when people are engaged in social interaction or when they are reprimanded for the behavior. 相似文献
684.
Meiser-Stedman R Smith P Glucksman E Yule W Dalgleish T 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(2):191-201
Examining parent-child agreement for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and
adolescents is essential for informing the assessment of trauma-exposed children, yet no studies have examined this relationship
using appropriate statistical techniques. Parent-child agreement for these disorders was examined by structured interview
in a prospective study of assault and motor vehicle accident (MVA) child survivors, assessed at 2–4 weeks and 6 months post-trauma.
Children were significantly more likely to meet criteria for ASD, as well as other ASD and PTSD symptom clusters, based on
their own report than on their parent’s report. Parent-child agreement for ASD was poor (Cohen’s κ = −.04), but fair for PTSD
(Cohen’s κ = .21). Agreement ranged widely for other emotional disorders (Cohen’s κ = −.07–.64), with generalised anxiety
disorder found to have superior parent-child agreement (when assessed by phi coefficients) relative to ASD and PTSD. The findings
support the need to directly interview children and adolescents, particularly for the early screening of posttraumatic stress,
and suggest that other anxiety disorders may have a clearer presentation post-trauma. 相似文献
685.
Group-directed criticisms and recommendations for change: why newcomers arouse more resistance than old-timers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hornsey MJ Grice T Jetten J Paulsen N Callan V 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(7):1036-1048
Three experiments examine the extent to which newcomers are able to influence their groups relative to old-timers. Specifically, how group members respond to criticisms of their group was assessed as a function of the intragroup position of the speaker. When criticizing their workplace (Experiment 1; N = 116), their profession (Experiment 2; N = 106), or an Internet community (Experiment 3; N = 189), newcomers aroused more resistance than old-timers, an effect that was mediated by perceptions of how attached critics were to their group identity. Experiment 3 also showed that newcomers could reduce resistance to their criticisms by distancing themselves from a group of which they were previously members. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
686.
Crosson B McGregor K Gopinath KS Conway TW Benjamin M Chang YL Moore AB Raymer AM Briggs RW Sherod MG Wierenga CE White KD 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(2):157-177
Animal analogue studies show that damaged adult brains reorganize to accommodate compromised functions. In the human arena,
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to study reorganization
of language substrates in aphasia. The resulting controversy regarding whether the right or the left hemisphere supports language
recovery and treatment progress must be reframed. A more appropriate question is when left-hemisphere mechanisms and when
right-hemisphere mechanisms support recovery of language functions. Small lesions generally lead to good recoveries supported
by left-hemisphere mechanisms. However, when too much language eloquent cortex is damaged, right-hemisphere structures may
provide the better substrate for recovery of language. Some studies suggest that recovery is particularly supported by homologues
of damaged left-hemisphere structures. Evidence also suggests that under some circumstances, activity in both the left and
right hemispheres can interfere with recovery of function. Further research will be needed to address these issues. However,
daunting methodological problems must be managed to maximize the yield of future fMRI research in aphasia, especially in the
area of language production. In this review, we cover six challenges for imaging language functions in aphasia with fMRI,
with an emphasis on language production: (1) selection of a baseline task, (2) structure of language production trials, (3)
mitigation of motion-related artifacts, (4) the use of stimulus onset versus response onset in fMRI analyses, (5) use of trials
with correct responses and errors in analyses, and (6) reliability and stability of fMRI images across sessions. However,
this list of methodological challenges is not exhaustive. Once methodology is advanced, knowledge from conceptually driven
fMRI studies can be used to develop theoretically driven, mechanism-based treatments that will result in more effective therapy
and to identify the best patient candidates for specific treatments. While the promise of fMRI in the study of aphasia is
great, there is much work to be done before this technique will be a useful clinical tool. 相似文献
687.
We have previously reported that extinction of escape behavior in the water maze due to the removal of the platform coincided with the development of behavioral "despair" in aged and adult rats, as assessed by immobility. The present study examines further predictions derived from the hypothesis that the withholding of reinforcement induces behaviors akin to depression. We tested for correlations between extinction performance and immobility, as well as between immobility and measures of anxiety in aged and adult rats. Age comparisons were also performed on these variables. Forty aged and 29 adult male Wistar rats (24 and 3 months old, respectively) were examined in the open field, black/white box and elevated-plus maze followed by 6 days of training in the water maze hidden platform task and 8 days of extinction without the platform. Indices of immobility increased over trials of extinction, with the aged showing higher levels, earlier onsets and larger slope increases of immobility than the adults. A lower resistance-to-extinction was predictive of more "despair" in both age groups. Between-group differences in the open field, black/white box and elevated-plus maze indicated that the aged showed more anxiety-like behavior than the adults and/or explored these environments less. Within the aged group, indicators of fearfulness in the three tests were predictive of higher levels of "despair". The extinction-despair model is held to provide the promise of a conceptual and empirical model of human depression that is the consequence of withdrawal of reinforcement. 相似文献
688.
Hu D Cao P Thiels E Chu CT Wu GY Oury TD Klann E 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(3):372-384
Superoxide has been shown to be critically involved in several pathological manifestations of aging animals. In contrast, superoxide also can act as a signaling molecule to modulate signal transduction cascades required for hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD-2 or Mn-SOD) is a key antioxidant enzyme that scavenges superoxide. Thus, SOD-2 may not only prevent aging-related oxidative stress, but may also regulate redox signaling in young animals. We used transgenic mice overexpressing SOD-2 to study the role of mitochondrial superoxide in aging, synaptic plasticity, and memory-associated behavior. We found that overexpression of SOD-2 had no obvious effect on synaptic plasticity and memory formation in young mice, and could not rescue the age-related impairments in either synaptic plasticity or memory in old mice. However, SOD-2 overexpression did decrease mitochondrial superoxide in hippocampal neurons, and extended the lifespan of the mice. These findings increase our knowledge of the role of mitochondrial superoxide in physiological and pathological processes in the brain. 相似文献
689.
The error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) are electrophysiological markers of error processing thought
to originate in the medial frontal cortex. Previous studies using probabilistic reinforcement showed that individuals who
learn more from negative than from positive feedback (negative learners) had larger ERNs than did positive learners. These findings support the dopamine (DA) reinforcement-learning hypothesis of the ERN and associated computational models.
However, it remains unclear (1) to what extent these effects generalize to tasks outside the restricted probabilistic reinforcement-learning
domain and (2) whether there is a dopaminergic source of these effects. To address these issues, we tested subjects’ reinforcement-learning
biases behaviorally and recorded EEG during an unrelated recognition memory experiment. Initial recognition responses were
speeded, but the subjects were subsequently allowed to self-correct their responses. We found that negative learners, as assessed
via probabilistic learning, had larger ERNs in the recognition memory task, suggestive of a common underlying enhanced error-processing
mechanism. Negative learners also had enhanced Pes when selfcorrecting errors than did positive learners. Moreover, the ERN
and Pe components contributed independently to negative learning. We also tested for a dopaminergic genetic basis of these
ERP components. We analyzed the COMT val/met polymorphism, which has been linked to frontal DA levels. The COMT genotype affected
Pe (but not ERN) magnitude; met/met homozygotes showed enhanced Pes to self-corrected errors, as compared with val carriers.
These results are consistent with a role for the Pe and frontal monoamines in error awareness. 相似文献
690.
The idea of an intentional object, or an object of thought, gives rise to a dilemma for theories of intentionality. Either intentional objects are existing objects, in which case it is impossible, contrary to appearances, to think about something which does not exist. Or some intentional objects are non-existent real objects. But this requires an obscure and implausible metaphysics. I argue that the way out of this dilemma is to deny that being an intentional object is being an entity of any kind. 'Object' here does not mean thing or entity. Rather, to say that something is an intentional object is just to say that it is an object of thought (or other intentional state or act) for a subject. It is further argued that theories of intentionality should not dispense with the idea of an intentional object. 相似文献