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731.
A Perennial Illusion? Wittgenstein,Quentin Skinner's Contextualism and the Possibility of Refuting Past Philosophers
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Tim Beaumont 《Philosophical Investigations》2018,41(3):304-328
Contemporary philosophers often purport to ‘borrow’ or ‘refute’ claims made by past philosophers. In doing so they contravene a contextualist methodological prohibition once defended by Quentin Skinner in his seminal paper “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas”. Skinner's methodology has been much debated by theorists of textual meaning and interpretation, and yet the precise nature of the logical path from his premises to his prohibitory conclusion remains elusive. This paper seeks to refute two of the most promising variants of an argument for his methodological prohibition on ‘refutation’, one of which draws on his appeal to Wittgenstein's conception of ‘meaning as use’, and the other of which draws on his appeal to speech act theory. 相似文献
732.
Zawadzka Anna Maria Kasser Tim Niesiobędzka Małgorzata Lewandowska-Walter Aleksandra Górnik-Durose Małgorzata 《Journal of child and family studies》2022,31(5):1427-1440
Journal of Child and Family Studies - The present study examined how adolescents’ materialism relates to interpersonal materialism role models (i.e., mothers’, fathers’,... 相似文献
733.
Jean Carletta Robin L. Hill Craig Nicol Tim Taylor Jan Peter de Ruiter Ellen Gurman Bard 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(1):254-265
Eyetracking facilities are typically restricted to monitoring a single person viewing static images or prerecorded video.
In the present article, we describe a system that makes it possible to study visual attention in coordination with other activity
during joint action. The software links two eyetracking systems in parallel and provides an on-screen task. By locating eye
movements against dynamic screen regions, it permits automatic tracking of moving on-screen objects. Using existing SR technology,
the system can also cross-project each participant’s eyetrack and mouse location onto the other’s on-screen work space. Keeping
a complete record of eyetrack and on-screen events in the same format as subsequent human coding, the system permits the analysis
of multiple modalities. The software offers new approaches to spontaneous multimodal communication: joint action and joint
attention. These capacities are demonstrated using an experimental paradigm for cooperative on-screen assembly of a two-dimensional
model. The software is available under an open source license. 相似文献
734.
The present study examined associations between high levels of appearance concern and information processing biases in interpretation and attention. An opportunity sample (N = 79) categorised ambiguous stimuli as related or unrelated to appearance. Participants then responded to the same stimuli in a modified visual dot-probe task assessing attentional bias. Participant responses were assessed in relation to level of appearance concern. The results indicated a valence specific bias towards interpretation of ambiguous stimuli as negative and appearance-related in individuals with higher levels of concern. There was also evidence of attentional bias towards information perceived as appearance-related in participants with higher levels of appearance concern. The study findings suggest that association between appearance-orientated information processing biases and level of appearance concern; this association may lead to mutually reinforcing bias and concern. 相似文献
735.
Oleg Smirnov Christopher T. Dawes James H. Fowler Tim Johnson Richard McElreath 《Political psychology》2010,31(4):595-616
Laboratory experiments indicate that many people willingly contribute to public goods and punish free riders at a personal cost. We hypothesize that these individuals, called strong reciprocators, allow political parties to overcome collective action problems, thereby allowing those organizations to compete for scarce resources and to produce public goods for like‐minded individuals. Using a series of laboratory games, we examine whether partisans contribute to public goods and punish free riders at a greater rate than nonpartisans. The results show that partisans are more likely than nonpartisans to contribute to public goods and to engage in costly punishment. Given the broad theoretical literature on altruistic punishment and group selection as well as our own formal evolutionary model, we hypothesize that it is being a partisan that makes an individual more likely to be a strong reciprocator and not vice versa. 相似文献
736.
This study examined the Health Belief Model’s efficacy to predict intention to undergo genetic testing for the Colorectal
Carcinoma (CRC) gene within a rural/frontier setting. Survey data were collected on 558 Southwest Montanan residents. Regression
analysis revealed that perceived benefits, including affordability and satisfying curiosity, were the strongest indicators
of intention to undergo genetic testing for CRC. Select consumer barriers and cues to action variables were also found to
be significant predictors. Collectively the model explained approximately 36% of the variance. These preliminary findings
have implications for genetic counselors, health practitioners and health care providers concerned with genetic counseling
and addressing the public health issue of CRC. 相似文献
737.
We defend the view that we are not identical to organisms against the objection that it implies that there are two subjects of every conscious state one experiences: oneself and one’s organism. We then criticize animalism—the view that each of us is identical to a human organism—by showing that it has unacceptable implications for a range of actual and hypothetical cases of conjoined twinning: dicephalus, craniopagus parasiticus, and cephalopagus. 相似文献
738.
The tendency to conform to prior examples can be viewed as a form of mental fixation that has negative consequences and limits the scope and quality of designs. Two experiments using the Smith, S. M., Ward, T. B., & Schumacher, J. S. [(1993) Memory & Cognition, 21, 837‐845] toy invention task were conducted to determine whether participants who viewed example toys would subsequently generate toys rated as less novel compared to a control group viewing no examples. Although participants who viewed examples tended to incorporate the example features into their own ideas, the novelty of their ideas was rated as higher than those of the control group. This effect occurred both with no specific instruction regarding the examples (Experiment 1), as well as when specifically instructed to be different from the examples (Experiment 2). These results indicate that examples do not always have a negative impact on creativity, and suggest they may sometimes help lead to more unusual ideas. 相似文献
739.
Laura Beckmann Marie Christine Bergmann Tim Schneegans Dirk Baier 《Aggressive behavior》2019,45(3):337-347
Relying on an importation and deprivation framework, the study assessed a variety of risk factors associated with self-reported teacher-targeted aggression among ninth grade students (n = 5,673). Using a cross-sectional school survey conducted in one German federal state, two forms of teacher-targeted aggression were assessed: verbal (insulting, threatening, and mocking) and physical (beating and pushing) aggression. Every ninth student reported verbal aggression, while 0.5% of students reported physical aggression against teachers. Multilevel probability models showed that individual importation factors (low self-control, male gender, and exposure to severe parental violence), together with individual deprivation factors (repeated victimization by teachers and low school achievement) play a role in explaining teacher-targeted aggression. The school-level deprivation factor of negative teacher–student relationships was also relevant, whereas low teacher control and attending lower-level schools were unrelated to the perpetration of teacher-targeted aggression. The present study stresses the need to acknowledge the multilevel etiology of teacher-targeted aggression. 相似文献
740.
Motivation and Emotion - This paper presents a validation study of a questionnaire to measure primary children’s images of and attitudes towards curiosity (the CIAC questionnaire). Policy... 相似文献