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Depression in some patients with spinal cord injuries may be clinically significant and, when present, should be treated to
decrease morbidity including decreased physical functioning. Depression associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) may be misevaluated,
due to (1) nonspecific multifactorial production of depression symptoms and (2) SCI-specific decrease in somatic sensory central
nervous system input. The Somatic Suppression Hypothesis suggests that SCI patients have difficulty experiencing any intense
emotion because of suppression of physiological arousal. In addition, cognitive processes that may reduce depression in SCI
patients include: (1) attribution of somatic symptoms of depression to medical (biological) causes, (2) realistic, positive
expectations for physical improvement, and (3) the perception that the disability of the SCI is only minimally related to
the patient’s self-care after complete evaluation. Health personnel should accept lack of depression in SCI, and should encourage
positive realistic expectations of recovery. 相似文献
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Kindling-induced changes in plasticity of the rat amygdala and hippocampus 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
Schubert M Siegmund H Pape HC Albrecht D 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(5):520-526
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is often accompanied by interictal behavioral abnormalities, such as fear and memory impairment. To identify possible underlying substrates, we analyzed long-term synaptic plasticity in two relevant brain regions, the lateral amygdala (LA) and the CA1 region of the hippocampus, in the kindling model of epilepsy. Wistar rats were kindled through daily administration of brief electrical stimulations to the left basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. Field potential recordings were performed in slices obtained from kindled rats 48 h after the last induced seizure, and in slices from sham-implanted and nonimplanted controls. Kindling resulted in a significant impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP) in both the LA and the CA1, the magnitude of which was dependent on the number of prior stage V seizures. Saturation of CA1-LTP, assessed through repeated spaced delivery of high-frequency stimulation, occurred at lower levels in kindled compared to sham-implanted animals, consistent with the hypothesis of reduced capacity of further synaptic strengthening. Furthermore, theta pulse stimulation elicited long-term depression in the amygdala in nonimplanted and sham-implanted controls, whereas the same stimulation protocol stimulation caused LTP in kindled rats. In conclusion, kindling differentially affects the magnitude, saturation, and polarity of LTP in the CA1 and LA, respectively, most likely indicating an activity-dependent mechanism in the context of synaptic metaplasticity. 相似文献
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Schubert TW 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2004,30(6):757-769
Men and women differ in the meaning they attribute to physical coercion and bodily force. Men associate bodily force with gaining power, whereas women associate bodily force with expressing loss of power. It is hypothesized that because of these associations, performing bodily forceful behavior feeds back on appraisals of one's power and that bodily feedback effects will mirror the gender differences in associations. Supporting these hypotheses, it was found that unobtrusively inducing behavior related to bodily force (making a fist) activated the concept of power in a Stroop task for both genders but that it increased hope for power and positive judgments of an assertively acting target for men, whereas it decreased hope for power and led to negative judgments of an assertively acting target for women. 相似文献
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The activation of semantic categories has often been claimed to occur in an attention-free, unconditionally automatic fashion (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Ferguson & Bargh, 2004). Using a dual-task procedure we tested whether the activation of valence categories is restricted by dual-task specific attentional limitations. For this reason we implemented a modified Eriksen-flanker task as Task 2 in a psychological refractory period paradigm. Participants were to judge the frequency of a tone in Task 1 and the valence of a target word in the presence of irrelevant flanker words in Task 2. Two different flanker categories ensured the activation of semantic categories instead of S-R based response activation. The most important result was an underadditive interaction between flanker congruency and the amount of temporal overlap between tasks that was independent of flanker type. Following the locus-of-slack logic, we interpret these findings as evidence for Task 2 processing parallel to bottleneck-stage processing in Task 1. This extends previous findings by showing that not only number categories (Fischer, Schubert, & Miller, 2007; Oriet, Tombu, & Jolicouer, 2005), but also semantic valence categories can be activated despite dual-task capacity limitations. 相似文献
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Zanolie K Dantzig Sv Boot I Wijnen J Schubert TW Giessner SR Pecher D 《Brain and cognition》2012,78(1):50-58
Thinking about the abstract concept power may automatically activate the spatial up-down image schema (powerful up; powerless down) and consequently direct spatial attention to the image schema-congruent location. Participants indicated whether a word represented a powerful or powerless person (e.g. ‘king’ or ‘servant’). Following each decision, they identified a target at the top or bottom of the visual field. In Experiment 1 participants identified the target faster when their spatial position was congruent with the perceived power of the preceding word than when it was incongruent. In Experiment 2 ERPs showed a higher N1 amplitude for congruent spatial positions. These results support the view that attention is driven to the image schema congruent location of a power word. Thus, power is partially understood in terms of vertical space, which demonstrates that abstract concepts are grounded in sensory-motor processing. 相似文献
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Tilo Strobach Torsten Schubert Harold Pashler Timothy Rickard 《Memory & cognition》2014,42(4):552-569
Retrieval of two responses from one visually presented cue occurs sequentially at the outset of dual-retrieval practice. Exclusively for subjects who adopt a mode of grouping (i.e., synchronizing) their response execution, however, reaction times after dual-retrieval practice indicate a shift to learned retrieval parallelism (e.g., Nino & Rickard, in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 373–388, 2003). In the present study, we investigated how this learned parallelism is achieved and why it appears to occur only for subjects who group their responses. Two main accounts were considered: a task-level versus a cue-level account. The task-level account assumes that learned retrieval parallelism occurs at the level of the task as a whole and is not limited to practiced cues. Grouping response execution may thus promote a general shift to parallel retrieval following practice. The cue-level account states that learned retrieval parallelism is specific to practiced cues. This type of parallelism may result from cue-specific response chunking that occurs uniquely as a consequence of grouped response execution. The results of two experiments favored the second account and were best interpreted in terms of a structural bottleneck model. 相似文献