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991.
Serge Sévigny Robert Ladouceur Christian Jacques Michael Cantinotti 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2008,22(2):295-301
Two studies investigated the relationship between casino proximity and gambling participation, expenditure, and pathology. In Study 1, 8,842 participants were categorized into 1 of 4 driving distances from their home to the nearest casino in the province of Quebec: 0-100 km, 100.01-200 km, 200.01-300 km, or 300.01-981 km. In Study 2, 5,158 participants, who lived within a 100-km driving distance from the Montreal casino, were classified into 1 of 5 equidistant, 20-km driving distances. A survey company interviewed participants regarding their gambling habits. Results indicated a positive link between casino proximity and gambling participation (at the provincial and Montreal levels) and expenditure (at the provincial level only) but no link with the current prevalence rate of probable pathological gambling or of problem gambling. In a setting in which many types of gambling activities are available, casino proximity in itself does not appear to explain the rate of gambling-related problems. It is necessary to continue prospective research on exposure and adaptation theories as potential explanations for the development of pathological gambling. 相似文献
992.
Public events and Flashbulb memories were investigated in 12 non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 12 controls. Knowledge of public events and flashbulbs memories were assessed using a Famous Events Test (EVE 30). Contributions of semantic, episodic, as well as executive functioning and anterograde memory were examined. Results primarily showed that the performances of patients with PD were lower than these of controls in 4 tasks: free recall, specific questions, dating events and date recognition. They also had difficulties in finding the temporal order of 8 events. In contrast, the PD group benefited from events recognition themselves to the same extent as the controls. Secondly, the recall of flashbulb memories (FBM) was lower in the PD group than in the controls. Finally, correlations appeared in PD between the detailed recall of the events with the "recall" abilities of the MATTIS scale, possibly reflect an impairment in rebuilding memories. A positive correlation is also observed with the initiation score of the MATTIS (executive component), suggesting that the difficulties of rebuilding can be related to a dysfunction in accessing information because of a certain degree of frontal amnesia. 相似文献
993.
Silviana Braz de Oliveira Silvia Regina Dowgan Tesseroli de Siqueira Ana Rosa Sanvovski Lúcia Maria Thompson Barros do Amaral José Tadeu Tesseroli de Siqueira 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(4):338-343
The objective of the current study was to evaluate disease-related beliefs, adherence to treatment, quality of life, coping
strategies and cognitive status in a group of Brazilian patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD). Thirty patients were
evaluated with a semi-directed interview, the Coping Strategies Inventory, and a Mini-Mental State Examination. Although half
(50%) of the patients had known their diagnosis long term, 40% of the sample were not correctly following proposed treatment.
All patients had a similar pattern of pain behavior related to TMD, while disease-related beliefs, quality of life and coping
strategies were variable. Expectations about treatment also had significant association with treatment adherence. The findings
of this study suggest that a more thorough understanding of individual differences in TMD is warranted. 相似文献
994.
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of working memory (WM) in elementary activities and the nature of
the mechanisms mediating the influence of WM capacity on high-level cognition. We demonstrate that even elementary activities
such as reading digits, subitizing small arrays of dots, or solving simple additions like 3+1 are sensitive to individual
differences in WM capacity. Moreover, we demonstrate that a complex task such as counting large arrays of dots involving these
elementary activities as processing steps does not induce WM-related differences beyond what can be predicted from the concatenation
of differences elicited by the task’s elementary constituents. In line with the time-based resource-sharing model, these results
suggest that the influence of WM capacity on high-level cognition is mediated by the impact of a basic general-purpose resource
that affects each atomic step of cognition. 相似文献
995.
Justification of effort is a form of cognitive dissonance in which the subjective value of an outcome is directly related
to the effort that went into obtaining it. However, it is likely that in social contexts (such as the requirements for joining
a group) an inference can be made (perhaps incorrectly) that an outcome that requires greater effort to obtain in fact has
greater value. Here we present evidence that a cognitive dissonance effect can be found in children under conditions that
offer better control for the social value of the outcome. This effect is quite similar to contrast effects that recently have
been studied in animals. We suggest that contrast between the effort required to obtain the outcome and the outcome itself
provides a more parsimonious account of this phenomenon and perhaps other related cognitive dissonance phenomena as well.
Research will be needed to identify cognitive dissonance processes that are different from contrast effects of this kind.
nt]mis|This research was facilitated by a fellowship from the Fulbright Scholar Program and the Nord-Pas de Calais Regional
Council, as well as by a visiting professorship at the University of Lille III for T.R.Z. Preparation of the article was facilitated
by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH 63726 to T.R.Z. 相似文献
996.
Spatial familiarization consists of a decrease in the exploratory activity over time after exposure to a place. Here, we show that a 30-min exposure to an open field led to a pronounced decrease in the exploratory behavior of rats, generating context familiarity. This behavioral output is associated with a selective decrease in hippocampal PKMzeta levels. A short 5-min exposure did not induce spatial familiarity or a decrease in PKMzeta, while inactivation of hippocampal PKMzeta by the specific inhibitor ZIP was sufficient to induce spatial familiarity, suggesting that the decrease in PKMzeta is involved in setting a given context as a familiar place. 相似文献
997.
Schafe GE Swank MW Rodrigues SM Debiec J Doyère V 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(2):55-62
We have previously shown that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/ MAPK) is transiently activated in anatomically restricted regions of the lateral amygdala (LA) following Pavlovian fear conditioning and that blockade of ERK/MAPK activation in the LA impairs both fear memory consolidation and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the amygdala, in vitro. The present experiments evaluated the role of the ERK/MAPK signaling cascade in LTP at thalamo-LA input synapses, in vivo. We first show that ERK/MAPK is transiently activated/phosphorylated in the LA at 5 min, but not 15 or 60 min, after high-frequency, but not low-frequency, stimulation of the auditory thalamus. ERK activation induced by LTP-inducing stimulation was anatomically restricted to the same regions of the LA previously shown to exhibit ERK regulation following fear conditioning. We next show that intra-LA infusion of U0126, an inhibitor of ERK/MAPK activation, impairs LTP at thalamo-LA input synapses. Collectively, results demonstrate that ERK/MAPK activation is necessary for synaptic plasticity in anatomically defined regions of the LA, in vivo. 相似文献
998.
999.
Rodríguez J Fernández AM Valdés M Hernández E Ramírez S Román A 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2008,11(2):564-572
The present study investigates drug consumption and risk behaviors among female students between 8th and 12th grade in two communities in the city of Santiago, Chile. Based on studies of university populations, we hypothesize that the students' reports of their consumption of licit drugs will tend to be consistent with their actual use of said drugs using two methods to investigate consumption, while their consumption of illicit drugs will be susceptible, and will tend to be under-reported when evaluated through traditional self-report measures. In order to compare the two methods, a cross-sectional study was designed that would compare reported drug consumption, first using the peers method, and then by means of traditional self-report in a group of 350 students. The results show that women's reports of licit drug consumption converge using the two methods, while as earlier suggested, women's illicit drug consumption was found to be under-reported when traditional methodologies were used. 相似文献
1000.
Mental workload and visual impairment: differences between pupil, blink, and subjective rating 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This research has two aims: (a) To study the concurrent validity of three measures of mental workload, NASA TLX rating scale, pupil dilation and blink rate, testing the hypothesis that they will provide convergent results using a single-task, and dissociative results for dual-task; and (b) To analyse their capability to predict visual search impairment. These three measures were analyzed in the same cognitive tasks in single-task and dual-task (cognitive task and visual search) conditions in a within-subjects experiment with twenty-nine participants. Mental workload measures showed concurrent validity under single-task condition, but a complex pattern of results arose in the dual-task condition: it is suggested that NASA TLX would be a subjective addition of the rating of each task; pupil dilation would measure the average arousal underlying the cognitive tasks; and the blink rate would produce opposite effects: whereas mental workload of cognitive tasks would increase blink rate, visual demand would inhibit it. All three measures were good predictors of visual impairment. The soundness of these measures is discussed with regard to the applied field of driving and other activities. 相似文献