Effect of 45‐Day −6° Head‐Down Bed Rest on Cooperation and Aggression

High levels of cooperation and low aggression seem obviously vital to the successful implementation of space missions. To elucidate the effect of microgravity on these behaviors, we investigated whether cooperative and aggressive behaviors would be affected in 16 male volunteers during 45‐day ?6° head‐down bed rest, which is a reliable simulation model for most physiological effects of spaceflight. We used an ultimatum game task to evaluate the cooperative behavior and a revised competitive reaction time test to evaluate the aggressive behavior simultaneously. We found that (1) the participants became less cooperative in the post‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase and (2) the participants became more aggressive in the in‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase. These findings provide evidence that head‐down bed rest may affect both cooperative and aggressive behaviors in males, suggesting an important perspective for future studies in space psychology.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crossover of Weekly Work Engagement Among Dual-Working Couples

Purpose

Based on crossover theory and the actor-partner interdependence model, the purpose of this study was to investigate the crossover process of work engagement among Chinese dual-working couples.

Design/Methodology/Approach

Fifty-one dual-working couples first completed a general questionnaire to collect basic demographic information and then completed a weekly diary over five consecutive work weeks.

Findings

The results of multilevel analyses showed that (1) actor’s work engagement had a significant impact on his or her own work performance, (2) communication quality between the dual-working couples moderated the crossover of work engagement, but this effect was only found from husbands to wives and when women scored high on communication quality, (3) when men were treated as actors, the actor’s work engagement interacted with communication quality to relate to the partner’s work performance, through the mediating mechanism of the partner’s work engagement.

Implications

Dual-working couples should communicate with each other frequently through sharing positive experiences, and each member of the couple should support the partner through concrete actions. Organizations should adequately facilitate employees’ engagement, as engaged employees can not only positively influence their colleagues but also their partners at home.

Originality/Value

Previous research on work engagement has focused mainly on static and cross-sectional studies, and most studies on crossover have been conducted primarily in the context of western cultures, whereas systematic and empirical study of oriental cultures, especially Chinese cultures, is relatively scarce. The current study explored the crossover process of work engagement among Chinese dual-working couples using a diary study methodology.

     

阅读水平不同的儿童解决比较型算术题研究

以不同阅读水平的30名小学三年级儿童为被试,以比较型算术应用题为材料,对解决算术应用题的能力进行研究,结果如下：1)在总得分上,阅读能力优秀组的得分显著高于阅读能力不良组,其它各组之间差异不显著。在解决问题的总时间上,阅读理解主效应显著,各组之间差异均显著,阅读能力越好,解题时间越少。2)题目类型主效应显著,一致型题得分显著高于不一致型题。在解题时间上,题目类型主效应不显著。     

《会真记》论养生益寿

《会真记》全名《西山群仙会真记》,乃唐代道士施肩吾所撰,是内丹修持派中的名著。曾在《旧仙传》中称吕岩之后,有施肩吾撰《会真记》以继之也。该记分二十五篇,乃西山得道仙真“阐扬妙蕴”,演说玄机,发明太上至言。超凡入圣之道“的重要著作”。对后来学道之士的影响极大。现代就其“养生益寿”的论述,综合于后,对有志于丹道修炼者而言,仍具有一定的参考价值。无为养心张伯端在《悟真外篇》中讲:“心者,神之舍也。心者,众妙之理,而主宰万物。性在乎是,命在手足。若夫学道之士,先须了得这一个字,其余皆后段事矣。”因为从道家身国同构的观点…     

主动性社交网站使用与青少年友谊质量的关系:积极反馈和人际不确定性的中介作用

为探讨主动性社交网站使用、积极反馈、人际不确定性与青少年友谊质量的关系。采用主动性社交网站使用问卷、社交网站积极反馈问卷、人际不确定性问卷以及青少年友谊质量问卷对937名高中生进行调查研究,结果显示:(1)主动性社交网站使用与社交网站积极反馈和友谊质量均呈显著正相关,而与人际不确定性呈显著负相关;积极反馈与人际不确定性呈显著负相关,与友谊质量呈显著正相关;人际不确定性与友谊质量呈显著负相关;(2)主动性社交网站使用对青少年友谊质量具有显著的直接预测作用,且能够通过社交网站积极反馈以及人际不确定性的单独中介作用以及社交网站积极反馈人际不确定性的链式中介作用对青少年友谊质量产生影响。研究结果揭示了主动性社交网站使用对青少年友谊质量的作用机制,对引导青少年合理利用社交网站发展良好的友谊关系具有一定的启示作用。     

Combined effect of early life stress and acute stress on colonic sensory and motor responses through serotonin pathways: differences between proximal and distal colon in rats

Clinically, adults who have experienced stresses in childhood present with episodes of serious symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome that are associated with acute stress, but the mechanism is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the colonic sensory/motor responses to acute water avoidance stress (WAS) in male adult rats subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS), and the underlying mechanism of sensory/motor responses. Effects of the combined acute and early life stress on visceral sensation, colonic motility, and the tissue and luminal content of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the proximal and distal colon were evaluated using the abdominal withdrawal reflex test, faecal pellet output measurement and capillary electrophoresis analysis, respectively. Results showed that WAS significantly increased not only visceral sensitivity but also colonic motility in NMS rats compared to the normal rats. These alterations were accompanied by significant increase in 5-HT content in the proximal but not the distal colonic tissues; these alterations were also associated with increased density of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the proximal segment. In contrast, the faecal content of 5-HT increased similarly in both segments. Consecutive administration of parachlorophenylalanine to NMS rats was more potent at 500 mg kg?1 day?1 than at 150 mg kg?1 day?1 in suppressing colonic sensory/motor responses to WAS, corresponding to the greater reduction of the tissue and faecal content of 5-HT and of EC cell density in the colon. These data indicate that combined early life stress and acute stress effectively induce visceral hyperalgesia and motility disorder through 5-HT pathways in the colon of rats, and the proximal and distal colon have different responses towards the combined stressors.     

A study of experiential technology and scientific technology, exemplified by Chinese and western medicine

Experience and science, being the two sources of technology, have different focuses. In experiential technology, techniques and skills are emphasized while in scientific technology tool or equipment. Experiential technology is generally regarded as local knowledge, and scientific technology universal. Traditional Chinese medicine is an experiential technology. In contrast, Western medicine is set up as a scientific technology with great efforts. Through the comparison of these two medicines, this paper attempts to illustrate the difference between the two technologies and in turn, the difference between these two medicines by defining these two technologies. Finally, this paper further investigates the special values of Chinese medicine. Making use of the SSK theory, this paper deconstructs the idea of universality of science, and argues that, the universality is the feature that science pursues, but not what it already has. With more historical evidence, experiential technology is more stable, while scientific technology is less stable because it updates quickly, and often changes reversely.     

特需医疗服务供方意向调查分析

剖析目前特需医疗服务供方所存在的主要问题,初步探讨在我国发展特需医疗服务适宜的承担主体。采用个别访谈和问卷调查的方法对来自不同性质的医院的医护人员和医院管理人员进行了意向调查。结果显示,医院发展特需医疗服务并不是解决医务人员收入问题的有效手段;公立医院发展特需医疗服务势必会对其普通医疗服务带来负面影响。建议在确保大部分公立医院只提供普通医疗服务的基础上,由私立医院和一部分公立医院作为特需医疗服务的承担机构。     

ProjectA对我军士兵心理选拔研究的启示

美国军队选拔与分类项目（The Army’s Selection And Classification Project,Project A）是美军20世纪80年代为改进军队人员的选拔、分类和使用,加强军队质量建设而进行的一项大规模的研究工作,其目的是建立一套完整、科学、符合军队建设需要的军队人员选拔与分类方法,形成一整套用于军队人员军队人员选拔与分类的预测工具。本文简要介绍了Project A产生的背景、研究目的、基本实验设计、绩效评价系统建立、预测工具以及预测效度,并对我军开展士兵心理选拔分类以及安置的必要性和可行性做了简要分析,提出了基本构想     

改革开放以来我国文化震荡的特点研究

采用自编问卷对全国各地区30岁及以上的各类被试1555名进行文化震荡调查,结果发现:(1)总体而言,改革开放以来几乎所有的文化事件对人们造成的影响都是积极的;(2)各类文化事件的主观影响均存在明显的年龄差异,总体上,成年中期感受到最积极的影响,成年晚期感受到最消极的影响;(3)各类文化事件的主观影响上均存在显著的地域差异,总体上,东部地区的被试感受到最积极的影响,中西部地区感受到最消极的影响;(4)受过高等教育的被试在物质文化事件、行为文化事件及总体上的感受要比受教育程度较低的被试更积极。