从技术的思想到技术的伦理学转向--卡尔·米切姆技术哲学思想述评

卡尔·米切姆(C.Mitcham)是美国当代颇具影响的技术哲学家.在技术哲学发展史上,他以工程学的技术哲学和人文主义的技术哲学的划分而著称.工程学的技术哲学主要是对技术的接受和解释,"人文主义的技术哲学主要是洞察技术的意义,即它与超技术事物:技术与文学,伦理学与政治学,宗教,等等的关系."[1]不仅如此,米切姆的技术哲学还涉及到技术哲学的另一个重要方面,也就是技术的伦理转向.     

企业动态能力对企业创业绩效作用的实证研究

研究采用同卷调研方法,对企业的动态能力对创业绩效功进行了实证研究.研究对企业动态能力和企业创业绩效(主要是财务绩效、成长绩效和创新绩效)的影响作用进行了分析,研究发现,企业的动态能力对企业创业绩效能产生积极作用.     

大学生亲密恐惧的图式干预研究

为研究图式治疗对大学生亲密恐惧的临床疗效,以54名有亲密恐惧问题的大学生为被试,采用支持咨询和图式治疗对比的实验研究,对疗效评估的各项指标进行了重复测量(前测、后测和追踪测量)的方差分析。结果表明干预后图式组亲密恐惧以及情感剥夺、缺陷/羞耻、伤害/疾病的易感性、情感抑制等四个适应不良图式都显著低于支持组,而且干预后图式组人际功能和适应功能等两项心理治疗效果评估指标都显著高于支持组。结论:图式治疗比支持支持咨询能更有效地减轻大学生亲密恐惧。     

试论医生医疗工作归因

借鉴目前归因理论研究的成果,重点探讨了医生医疗工作归因的含义、结构、作用及方法,提出医生应学会对自己医疗工作中的成败进行合理的归因,自觉地总结经验、汲取教训,不断取得医学事业上的成功.     

我国中小学生学习适应性研究述评

本文在综观同内研究资料的基础上,主要围绕学习适应性的慨念与功能展开理论探讨．同时对我国中小学生学习适应性的发展现状及其培养研究成果进行了概括。     

小学生学习适应问题的整合性教育干预实验研究

运用专题辅导、个别咨询辅导和家庭间接辅导相结合的整合性教育干预模式提高小学生学习适应能力。实验结果表明：(1)整合性教育干预能有效提高小学生的学习适应性整体水平;(2)干预措施对学习适应低水平组学生的促进效果较为显着。     

小学儿童空间物体位置编码( Ⅱ)

采用找物范式研究小学7、9、11岁儿童利用线与线之间的关系对目标物位置进行编码的认知发展。结果表明:交点位置编码和平行线上对应点编码认知成绩的年龄效应显著。实验任务对儿童认知成绩的影响不同,11岁组儿童交点位置编码认知成绩显著好于平行线上对应点编码认知成绩,7岁组和9岁组两个任务的认知成绩差异不显著。     

Treating the Child or Syndrome: Does Context Matter for Treatment Decisions for Antisocially Behaving Youth?

Using a between-subject 3 × 3 design of an experimentally manipulated realistic case vignette of Black, White, and Hispanic youth in a survey mailed to 1540 experienced psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers, the authors examined if clinicians alter their judgments about treatment for antisocially behaving youth based on the symptom’s social context (e.g., life circumstances) and the youth’s race or ethnicity, even among youth who are otherwise identical in terms of behavioral symptoms. Vignettes describe behaviors meeting DSM-IV criteria for conduct disorder, but contain contextual information suggesting either internal dysfunction (ID) or a normal response to a difficult environment [i.e., environmental-reaction (ER)]. Comparison was symptom-only (SO). Judgments of effectiveness of 14 treatments for youth exhibiting antisocial behavior were examined. Frequencies and median scores of perceived effectiveness level (1–9, Likert) were compared in bivariate analyses, stratifying context and youth’s race or ethnicity. The context of the behavior was associated significantly with differences in effectiveness judgments in 13 of 14 treatments. Within ID and ER contexts, clinicians judged three different treatments as effective (median ≥ 7 of 9). In the SO condition, clinicians were less selective, judging six as effective. In the ID context, psychiatric medications, systems oriented family therapy, and residential care were judged more effective for White than for Black or Hispanic youth. Evidence-based practice research may be hampered by inattention to the social context of behavioral symptoms. Context may activate implicit racial assumptions about treatment effectiveness. Implications are for clinical training to improve service delivery, and future clinical research.     

Effect of 45‐Day −6° Head‐Down Bed Rest on Cooperation and Aggression

High levels of cooperation and low aggression seem obviously vital to the successful implementation of space missions. To elucidate the effect of microgravity on these behaviors, we investigated whether cooperative and aggressive behaviors would be affected in 16 male volunteers during 45‐day ?6° head‐down bed rest, which is a reliable simulation model for most physiological effects of spaceflight. We used an ultimatum game task to evaluate the cooperative behavior and a revised competitive reaction time test to evaluate the aggressive behavior simultaneously. We found that (1) the participants became less cooperative in the post‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase and (2) the participants became more aggressive in the in‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase. These findings provide evidence that head‐down bed rest may affect both cooperative and aggressive behaviors in males, suggesting an important perspective for future studies in space psychology.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crossover of Weekly Work Engagement Among Dual-Working Couples

Purpose

Based on crossover theory and the actor-partner interdependence model, the purpose of this study was to investigate the crossover process of work engagement among Chinese dual-working couples.

Design/Methodology/Approach

Fifty-one dual-working couples first completed a general questionnaire to collect basic demographic information and then completed a weekly diary over five consecutive work weeks.

Findings

The results of multilevel analyses showed that (1) actor’s work engagement had a significant impact on his or her own work performance, (2) communication quality between the dual-working couples moderated the crossover of work engagement, but this effect was only found from husbands to wives and when women scored high on communication quality, (3) when men were treated as actors, the actor’s work engagement interacted with communication quality to relate to the partner’s work performance, through the mediating mechanism of the partner’s work engagement.

Implications

Dual-working couples should communicate with each other frequently through sharing positive experiences, and each member of the couple should support the partner through concrete actions. Organizations should adequately facilitate employees’ engagement, as engaged employees can not only positively influence their colleagues but also their partners at home.

Originality/Value

Previous research on work engagement has focused mainly on static and cross-sectional studies, and most studies on crossover have been conducted primarily in the context of western cultures, whereas systematic and empirical study of oriental cultures, especially Chinese cultures, is relatively scarce. The current study explored the crossover process of work engagement among Chinese dual-working couples using a diary study methodology.