Computational and reasoning abilities in arithmetic: Cross-generational change in China and the United States

A Chinese advantage over Americans was found for economically relevant computational and reasoning abilities in arithmetic for groups of 6th- and 12th-grade students matched or equated on general intelligence. No cross-national difference for computational or reasoning abilities was found for samples of older (60- to 80-year-old) Chinese and American adults equated on general intelligence. The pattern of change in arithmetical competencies across cohorts suggests that the Chinese advantage in 6th and 12th grade is due to a cross-generational decline in competencies in the United States and a cross-generational improvement in China.     

注意瞬脱对视觉空间关系判断的影响

将RSVP范式和视觉空间关系研究范式相结合,以两个实验探讨了注意瞬脱对视觉空间关系判断的影响。结果发现,类别和数量空间关系判断之间出现了实验性分离:类别空间关系判断表现出较大的注意瞬脱效应,数量空间关系判断只有轻度注意瞬脱效应。这说明,类别和数量空间关系加工子系统具有不同信息加工特性:前者依赖实时注意资源,其编码过程更多涉及控制性加工;后者较少依赖实时注意资源,其编码过程更多涉及自动加工。另外,还运用注意瞬脱理论对结果进行了解释。     

技术与设计:"经验转向"背景下的技术哲学研究--第14届国际技术哲学学会(SPT)会议述评

20世纪80年代以来,欧美技术哲学研究受科学知识社会学(SSK)中建构论方法的影响,表现出强劲的“经验转向”势头。“经验转向”的技术哲学促使人们从微观方面研究技术,分析它的具体发展和模式,研究技术与社会的共同演化。十多年来,这种趋势对欧美技术哲学发展产生了重大影响,并催生了工程哲学这一新兴学科。每两年一次的国际技术哲学学会第14届年会就是在这一背景下,于2005年7月20~22日在荷兰的代尔夫特大学召开。该学会的主席P.汤姆森以及前任主席P.杜尔宾、C.米切姆等几十位美国技术哲学学者和来自英国、德国、荷兰、加拿大、法国、中国…     

土地纠纷:一个宏观视角的解析

当前土地纠纷正取代税费负担成为“三农”问题中最值得关注的论题,而土地纠纷的基本动因在于地方政府通过土地整理为城市化建设提供资金,这种做法对包括粮食供给、农民就业等内容的农业安全形成潜在的影响。城市化与农业安全博弈的结果是土地征用在一定意义上的普遍化,其深层原因是当前的多种制度安排导致了农民与其他相关者的谈判能力不对称,而当前对土地纠纷的治理措施更多体现为短期的积极效应。为了追求长期效果,就应重构避免土地冲突的制度性框架。     

Microblogging, online expression, and political efficacy among young chinese citizens: the moderating role of information and entertainment needs in the use of weibo

In 2011, China's Internet population reached over half a billion users and the popular Twitter-like social networking service, Weibo, has been adopted by half of the users since its launch in August 2009. Given the potential of the Internet to facilitate a civic culture in the authoritarian state, the use of Weibo and its effects on citizens' political attitudes and behaviors are of important concern. A survey of 499 Weibo users found that intensity of use was related to increased willingness to express opinions about government and politics, the perception that one has the ability to participate in politics, and feelings that the government is not responsive to the demands of citizens. Moreover, the above relationships were moderated by the motivations of Weibo use, such that information motives strengthened the relationships while entertainment motives weakened the relationships.     

Children’s Life Satisfaction: Developmental Trajectories and Environmental and Personality Predictors

Life satisfaction is a key indicator of children’s healthy development. Although the developmental changes of life satisfaction during adolescence have been investigated, the developmental trajectories of life satisfaction and related predictors during childhood remain unclear. Thus, the current study aimed to identify the developmental trajectories of life satisfaction covering the period from middle to late childhood as well as to examine the predictive roles of environmental factors (i.e., family dysfunction and basic psychological needs satisfaction at school), personality factors (i.e., neuroticism and extraversion), and their interactions in these developmental trajectories. An accelerated longitudinal design was used with Chinese elementary school students (N?=?1069, 45.8% girls, M _age?=?9.43, SD?=?0.95) of 3 cohorts (grade 3, grade 4, and grade 5) on 4 occasions at 6-month intervals. Growth mixture modeling analyses revealed three distinct trajectories of life satisfaction: “High-Stable” (88.8%), “High-Decreasing” (6.8%), and “Low-Increasing” (4.4%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that family dysfunction and neuroticism served as risk factors for adverse developmental trajectories of life satisfaction; whereas basic psychological needs satisfaction at school served as a protective factor. Furthermore, the interaction between family dysfunction and extraversion suggested that higher levels of extraversion buffered children against the negative effect of family dysfunction on the development of life satisfaction. The identification of three heterogeneous trajectory groups of children’s life satisfaction and key personality and environmental predictors associated with the trajectories suggests that specific interventions need to be tailored to the unique characteristics of the relevant trajectory groups.

     

一在二中与即用是体——方以智对理学的回应

方以智多次提到“一在二中”,这也是其处理超越者与现实世界之关系的基本思路.在讨论“一”和“二”的关系时,方以智一反宋儒强调有本到末,由体达用的思维模式,转而把重心放在“二”上,甚至主张“止有后天,并无先天”,有以现实世界为先、为本的倾向.以此为基础,方以智对于理学所讨论的一系列重要问题予以了回应,也体现出了重视思辨和强...     

Symmetric Contingency Logic with Unlimitedly Many Modalities

Journal of Philosophical Logic - The completeness of the axiomatization of contingency logic over symmetric frames has been thought of as a nontrivial job, the unimodal case of which cannot be...     

透视医疗纠纷——辨析医患双方的权利和义务

发生医疗纠纷的一个重要原因是医患双方各自站在自己的立场上,维护自己的权利而产生的争端。由于我国卫生法制的滞后,患者被作为消费者伸张权利逐步成为趋势。但我国的医疗卫生事业的性质决定患者不能与消费者等同。医患双方应在更好的游戏规则下协调关系,减少纠纷。