Survey on Using Ethical Principles in Environmental Field Research with Place-Based Communities

Science and Engineering Ethics - Researchers of the Northeast Ethics Education Partnership (NEEP) at Brown University sought to improve an understanding of the ethical challenges of field...     

Facial expressions modulate the gaze orienting effect on sound localization judgement

Recent studies have shown that cueing eye gaze can affect the processing of visual information, and this phenomenon is called the gaze-orienting effect (visual-GOE). Emerging evidence has shown that the cueing eye gaze also affects the processing of auditory information (auditory-GOE). However, it is unclear whether the auditory-GOE is modulated by emotion. We conducted three behavioural experiments to investigate whether cueing eye gaze influenced the orientation judgement to a sound, and whether the effect was modulated by facial expressions. The current study set four facial expressions (angry, fearful, happy, and neutral), manipulated the display type of facial expressions, and changed the sequence of gaze and emotional expressions. Participants were required to judge the sound orientation after facial expressions and gaze cues. The results showed that the orientation judgement of sound was influenced by gaze direction in all three experiments, and the orientation judgement of sound was faster when the face was oriented to the target location (congruent trials) than when the face was oriented away from the target location (incongruent trials). The modulation of emotion on auditory-GOE was observed only when gaze shifted followed by facial expression (Exp3); the auditory-GOE was significantly greater for angry faces than for neutral faces. These findings indicate that auditory-GOE as a social phenomenon exists widely, and the effect was modulated by facial expression. Gaze shift before the presentation of emotion was the key influencing factor for the emotional modulation in an auditory target gaze-orienting task. Our findings suggest that the integration of facial expressions and eye gaze was context-dependent.     

斯宾诺莎对圣经的历史批判与诠释

斯宾诺莎的<神学政治论>,在圣经诠释历史上堪称是里程碑式的著作.他通过质疑作为真理之标准与公众法律之来源的圣经,倡导思想、言说与著述的自由.他对圣经研究最具原创性的贡献,并不在于其探求真理所坚持的理性主义标准,而在于对圣经文本自身及其内容所进行的历史理解.本文将简介斯宾诺莎对圣经诠释的历史批判方法,并兼及述评.     

盆底重建手术并发症及其治疗

盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organs prolapse,POP)是中老年女性常见疾病,严重影响患者生活质量,盆底重建手术用于治疗POP效果确切,复发率低.随着盆底重建手术的推广应用,手术相关并发症日益受到关注,如何防范和治疗并发症成为一个值得深入探讨和总结的问题.本文对盆底重建手术并发症的诊疗进展进行综述,为手术医师提供指导,提高手术安全性和有效性.     

Emotion identification across adulthood using the Dynamic FACES database of emotional expressions in younger,middle aged,and older adults

Facial stimuli are widely used in behavioural and brain science research to investigate emotional facial processing. However, some studies have demonstrated that dynamic expressions elicit stronger emotional responses compared to static images. To address the need for more ecologically valid and powerful facial emotional stimuli, we created Dynamic FACES, a database of morphed videos (n?=?1026) from younger, middle-aged, and older adults displaying naturalistic emotional facial expressions (neutrality, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, happiness). To assess adult age differences in emotion identification of dynamic stimuli and to provide normative ratings for this modified set of stimuli, healthy adults (n?=?1822, age range 18–86 years) categorised for each video the emotional expression displayed, rated the expression distinctiveness, estimated the age of the face model, and rated the naturalness of the expression. We found few age differences in emotion identification when using dynamic stimuli. Only for angry faces did older adults show lower levels of identification accuracy than younger adults. Further, older adults outperformed middle-aged adults’ in identification of sadness. The use of dynamic facial emotional stimuli has previously been limited, but Dynamic FACES provides a large database of high-resolution naturalistic, dynamic expressions across adulthood. Information on using Dynamic FACES for research purposes can be found at http://faces.mpib-berlin.mpg.de.     

巴基斯坦佛教文化遗产与旅游发展刍议

1947年独立的巴基斯坦作为南亚地区年轻的国家,却有着特殊的地理位置和悠久的历史文化。多元的自然生态和厚重的历史文化景观,塑造了巴基斯坦丰富的旅游资源,但旅游事业在巴基斯坦国民经济中所占的比重却一直很低,如2017年旅游收入仅占该国GDP的2.9%。[1]印度河穿越全境,沿岸留下了诸多的古文明遗址遗迹。     

制度反腐:问题、依据与原则

本文以党的十七大精神为指导,运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法,立足我国当前实际,对目前反腐制度存在的不足、制度反腐的可能与应当遵循的原则进行了深入探讨.     

The effects of violent video games and shyness on individuals’ aggressive behaviors

The general aggression model (GAM) has suggested that the interaction between person factors (e.g., personality variables) and situation factors (e.g., playing violent video games [VVGs]) can increase individuals’ aggressive behaviors through their cognition (e.g., hostile attributions), affect (e.g., negative affect), and/or arousal. The present study employed a modified competitive reaction time task to test the effects of shyness, violent (vs. nonviolent) gameplay, and shyness on individuals’ positive–negative affect, hostile attributions, and aggressive behaviors. In addition, the present study also employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the mediation (by cognition and affect) and moderation (by shyness). Results showed that playing a VVG increased aggressive behaviors, negative affect, and hostile attributions primarily among shy participants. In addition, the results of SEM also revealed that this moderating role was mediated by negative affect and hostile attributions. The present study supported GAM and showed that individuals’ aggressive behaviors are differentially susceptible to VVGs, depending on their level of shyness in a “for bad and for worse” manner.