进化心理学视角中的腐败行为及心理机制

腐败作为全世界普遍关注的焦点问题,不同领域学者针对腐败行为产生原因与对策进行探讨。普遍认为制度、权力、文化等因素是腐败行为产生的重要原因,个别研究涉及到腐败主体的内在心理。进化心理学从进化和适应的视角对人类行为发生及心理内在特征具有终极解释度。因此,本文在前人研究的基础上,基于进化心理学的独特视角,从个体生命史历程(如童年创伤、贫穷经历等)去揭示腐败行为产生的心理机制。     

A New Second-Generation Mindfulness-Based Intervention Focusing on Well-Being: A Randomized Control Trial of Mindfulness-Based Positive Psychology

Second-generation mindfulness-based interventions (SG-MBIs) align well with positive psychology philosophy and practices, but trials of SG-MBIs have largely focused on ill-being. This study developed a mindfulness-based positive psychology (MBPP) intervention integrating positive psychology with an SG-MBI to enhance well-being. A randomized control trial was performed to compare MBPP with a waitlist condition among 138 Chinese participants. The results showed that MBPP significantly reduced negative emotions for subjective well-being and significantly improved environmental mastery for psychological well-being. Improvements in self-compassion and negative attitudes but not avoidance, mediated changes in well-being. Changes in positive emotions, positive relations, and awareness were associated with the amount of meditation practice. These findings showed that MBPP is promising for improving well-being and that the positive psychology components play important roles. Broadly, the study illustrated that positive psychology and SG-MBIs can be effectively integrated, and it supported the further application of SG-MBIs from the positive psychology perspective.

     

儿童同伴尊重的发展及社交领导性的影响: 三年追踪

对285名小学三年级和四年级儿童进行了连续三年的追踪调查,分析了儿童同伴尊重发展趋势及其在群体间的差异,探讨了社交领导性在儿童同伴尊重发展中的预测作用。结果表明：（1）童年中后期儿童与同伴之间的获得尊重与表现尊重具有显著增长趋势;（2）三年间女孩的表现尊重均高于男孩但增长速度无差异;女孩的获得尊重增长速度高于男孩;（3）儿童的社交领导性能够显著正向预测儿童同伴尊重的发展趋势。     

基于大数据的文化心理分析

随着大数据技术与文化心理学的融合发展, 计算文化心理学作为一门新兴交叉学科逐渐兴起, 大尺度、近乎全样本的文化心理分析真正得以实现。计算文化心理学关注的文化变量主要围绕个人主义/集体主义这一文化心理学使用最为广泛的维度展开, 分析方法包括特征词典、机器学习、社会网络分析、仿真模拟等, 分析思路包括时间维度上的文化变迁效应以及空间维度上的文化地理效应。当然, 计算文化心理学在为传统文化心理研究提供新方法、新范式的同时, 也存在解码失真、样本偏差、词语多义性、隐私风险等局限, 未来研究应重视变量理论解释、文化动态演化分析、学科深度整合、生态效度等问题。     

公正与关怀——民生制度与实践的伦理原则

从伦理学的视角来看,民生包含三个方面的内涵:一是公民根基性的生存,二是公民尊严性的生活,三是公民理想性的好的生活.基于对中国当下民生的现状及问题的全面把握,政府在民生制度和民生实践中首先应遵循刚性的公正原则,它既能够一般地解决资源供给的有限与人的欲望的无限之间的冲突,又能有效地解决当下民生中的突出问题.但公正原则的普遍性和抽象性决定了它无法惠及每一特殊个体的需求,强调具体性、关系性、情境性、理解与关爱的关怀原则可以弥补这一缺陷.因此,以刚性的公正与柔性的关怀为伦理原则的民生制度与民生实践,将最终引领全体公民过上他们所珍视的和值得过的好的生活.     

自由与功利之间——密尔伦理思想的双重诉求

约翰·斯图亚特·密尔是一个功利主义者,更是一个自由主义者.功利原则与自由原则是密尔伦理思想中的两个密切相关的基本原则,功利原则以最大多数人的最大幸福为终极价值诉求,自由原则则赋予个体的自由权利以价值优先性.密尔的一生都致力于以功利原则为哲学基础来证明个体自由,致力于论证功利主义与自由主义的一致与契合,但实际上若要追求功利原则和自由原则的融合就决定了他既不能执守严格的功利主义,也无法坚持一般的自由主义.因此,功利主义不是自由主义最好的哲学基础.     

斯宾诺莎对圣经的历史批判与诠释

斯宾诺莎的<神学政治论>,在圣经诠释历史上堪称是里程碑式的著作.他通过质疑作为真理之标准与公众法律之来源的圣经,倡导思想、言说与著述的自由.他对圣经研究最具原创性的贡献,并不在于其探求真理所坚持的理性主义标准,而在于对圣经文本自身及其内容所进行的历史理解.本文将简介斯宾诺莎对圣经诠释的历史批判方法,并兼及述评.     

盆底重建手术并发症及其治疗

盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organs prolapse,POP)是中老年女性常见疾病,严重影响患者生活质量,盆底重建手术用于治疗POP效果确切,复发率低.随着盆底重建手术的推广应用,手术相关并发症日益受到关注,如何防范和治疗并发症成为一个值得深入探讨和总结的问题.本文对盆底重建手术并发症的诊疗进展进行综述,为手术医师提供指导,提高手术安全性和有效性.     

Emotion identification across adulthood using the Dynamic FACES database of emotional expressions in younger,middle aged,and older adults

Facial stimuli are widely used in behavioural and brain science research to investigate emotional facial processing. However, some studies have demonstrated that dynamic expressions elicit stronger emotional responses compared to static images. To address the need for more ecologically valid and powerful facial emotional stimuli, we created Dynamic FACES, a database of morphed videos (n?=?1026) from younger, middle-aged, and older adults displaying naturalistic emotional facial expressions (neutrality, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, happiness). To assess adult age differences in emotion identification of dynamic stimuli and to provide normative ratings for this modified set of stimuli, healthy adults (n?=?1822, age range 18–86 years) categorised for each video the emotional expression displayed, rated the expression distinctiveness, estimated the age of the face model, and rated the naturalness of the expression. We found few age differences in emotion identification when using dynamic stimuli. Only for angry faces did older adults show lower levels of identification accuracy than younger adults. Further, older adults outperformed middle-aged adults’ in identification of sadness. The use of dynamic facial emotional stimuli has previously been limited, but Dynamic FACES provides a large database of high-resolution naturalistic, dynamic expressions across adulthood. Information on using Dynamic FACES for research purposes can be found at http://faces.mpib-berlin.mpg.de.