Grape Expectations: The Role of Alcohol Expectancies in the Understanding and Treatment of Problem Drinking

Although research into alcohol expectancies is reasonably well established, there is scant empirical evidence to directly relate such expectancies to the treatment of problem drinking. Consistent evidence from alcohol expectancy studies indicates that problem drinkers hold clusters of strongly positive beliefs regarding alcohol, in particular perceiving their drinking as a way of coping with specific skills deficits. However the precise relationship between such beliefs and treatment has not yet been established. The research developments needed to more fully elucidate the role that alcohol expectancies play in the treatment of problem drinking are discussed.     

《心理学报》论文的引文统计与分析

运用文献计算学的原理,对《心理学报》６年论文所附引文进行了统计分析,定量地描述了该刊的引文量,自引量,类型,语种,年代等的分布,目的在于了解心理学领域核心期刊的引文状况的寻求我国心理学论文引用文献的一些规律及所反映的问题。     

Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Model

Low family socioeconomic status (SES) is linked with adolescents’ symptoms of depression, but little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this association. Based on ecosystem theory and the organism-environment interaction model, we tested whether emotional resilience mediated the relationship between family SES and depressive symptoms, and whether parent–child relationship quality moderated the relationship. Adolescents (N?=?724) from one middle school in central China completed self-reported questionnaires regarding demographic variables, family SES, emotional resilience, parent–child relationship quality, and depressive symptoms. Regression-based mediation analysis indicated that emotional resilience mediated the association between family SES and depressive symptoms. Parent–child relationship quality moderated two components of this mediation process, namely the effects of low SES on both emotional resilience and depressive symptoms. In both cases, a high quality parent–child relationship ameliorated the adverse effects of low family SES. That is, adolescents with a higher quality relationship with their parent appeared to be less affected by low family SES. The study reveals how and when family SES may affect adolescents’ depressive symptoms, and highlights the protective effect of a high quality parent–child relationship in a low SES environment.

     

小学儿童空间物体位置编码(I)

采用找物范式研究小学 7、9、11岁儿童利用点与点之间的关系对目标物位置进行编码的认知发展。结果表明 :两点距离编码和三点共线编码认知成绩的年龄效应显著 ,9岁组和 11岁组儿童的认知成绩显著好于 7岁组儿童的认知成绩。两个不同实验任务对儿童认知成绩的影响不同 ,7岁组儿童两点距离编码认知成绩显著好于三点共线编码认知成绩 ,9岁组和 11岁组两个任务的认知成绩差异不显著。提供编码线索后 ,认知成绩有了较大的改善。     

The Long‐Term Predictive Validity of the Consumers’ Need for Uniqueness Scale

This research examines the long‐term ability of the consumers’ need for uniqueness measure to predict consumers’ valued possessions, shopping behaviors, and experiences. Consumers’ need for uniqueness reflects individual differences in counterconformity motivation (i.e., the pursuit of differentness relative to others) that is manifest in consumer responses. This research reports on 2 longitudinal assessments of the scale's predictive validity using data collected at 4 stages from a consumer mail‐survey sample. One year following initial responses to the trait measure, respondents participated in a second survey in which they photographed and rank ordered their valued possessions. In a third survey, the photographs served as cues to obtain responses to ratings of possession benefits and to questions regarding acquisition of the possession. Overall, the results support a number of hypotheses regarding the relation of consumers’ need for uniqueness to salient possession benefits, types of goods comprising consumers’ valued possessions, and shopping behaviors associated with acquiring valued possessions. Two years following initial responses to the trait measure, members of the consumer mail panel completed a fourth survey, indicating their participation in various uniqueness‐enhancing consumer activities. Results support the stability and predictive validity of the measure over the 2‐year period. Because the design of possessions and endorsed uniqueness‐enhancing activities considered in the consumer mail panel studies varied across individuals, an additional study was conducted that demonstrated the scale's ability to predict individuals’ counterconformity responses to the same choice situation.     

不同认知偏好对大学生情感反应的影响：短期利益和长期代价

对99名大学生进行一个学期的追踪调查,探讨不同认知偏好对他们状态性情感反应的影响以及这种影响从长期看是利是弊的问题。结果发现：1）与其他组被试相比,积极认知偏好组产生了更少消极情感反应和更高情感反应积极性;2）认知偏好对个体情感反应的不同影响是暂时的,从长期看,既没有累积成稳定的情感健康差异也没有产生情感代价。最后对认知偏好的适应性进行了讨论。     

特征觉察器与康德的先验形式

康德主张对象必须符合主体的认识条件,即与特定的形式相符合,这与认知心理学上的特征觉察器相一致。特征觉察器是对特定的刺激物作出特定反应的高级神经元组织。康德的先验形式的问题可以用特征觉察器和特征捆绑等神经组织和神经过程来解释。特征觉察器可为审美先验形式提供生理心理基础,也可以使康德美学的主客之争得到相对缓解。     

坚持马克思主义宗教观，加强无神论研究、教育与宣传

在处理宗教问题、有神论、无神论问题上,很能看出领导干部的执政水平。在研究宣传和教育中,要举起马克思主义旗帜,首先抓好党内,重点则在青年学生。     

“得寸进尺”还是“适可而止”：基于冒犯者角度对宽恕结果的讨论

宽恕的结果包含两个方面, 一是就被冒犯者而言的结果, 二是就冒犯者而言的结果。就被冒犯者而言, 宽恕的积极结果已被广泛证实, 但就冒犯者的行为而言, 以往研究的结果并不一致。有研究指出, 宽恕会导致进一步伤害的发生, 但也有研究指出, 宽恕能够降低进一步伤害的可能性。出现这种不一致结论的原因在于, 不同研究对于宽恕与和解的关系、冒犯者的内心体验和双方人际互动的认识不一致, 但进一步分析可以发现, 认为宽恕会避免进一步伤害的证据更充分, 因此宽恕仍然是处理人际伤害的有效方式。但无论是被冒犯者还是冒犯者, 在做出宽恕决定或是接受他人的宽恕时, 仍有一些方面要加以注意。     

工作记忆与汉语歧义句加工的眼动研究

以符合“VP+N1+的+N2”格式的述宾型歧义短语组成的句子为材料,采用2×2的混合设计,即2(工作记忆广度：高、低)×2(续接方式：偏正、述宾),采用眼动记录法,考察被试对歧义短语的语义加工过程。结果发现：（1）在无前语境的暂时句法歧义句中,不同的续接方式在句子的最初加工过程中的作用不显著,而在最终的理解过程中作用显著。（2）工作记忆高有利于句子的理解,但对歧义短语的两种意思的提取和保持的作用不显著。