“孤芳自赏”还是“茕茕孑立”:儿童社交淡漠适应功能的文化差异

社会退缩行为是指在社会情境中,儿童不参与社会互动并频繁表现出独自消遣的行为。社会退缩有多种亚类型,其中社交淡漠指儿童仅仅喜欢一个人独处,对社会互动没有兴趣。有趣的是,社交淡漠的适应功能存在一定的文化差异,主要表现为:社交淡漠行为在个人主义文化中较少产生适应困难,在心理与情绪适应方面尤为明显;但其在集体主义文化里却会引起多方面的适应困难。这种差异可能与文化价值观的内涵有关,也可能与特定国情有关。未来的研究亟需提高研究方法的多面性,关注年龄与文化的交互作用,进行直接的跨文化比较,探索与文化相关的风险与保护因子,以及关注互联网环境的影响。     

Fairness‐related behaviour modulation by friendship is moderated by American primes in Chinese participants

Empirical studies from the fields of psychology and behavioural economics indicate that people do not like being treated unfairly and may punish those who violate the norm, even at a cost to themselves. Recent research has emphasized the relationship effect on fairness‐related behaviour but has shown conflicting results and has not focused much on the characteristics of culture. This study used the cultural priming paradigm and the Ultimatum Game (UG) to explore whether cultural primes could moderate the relationship effect on fairness‐related decision making. We primed Chinese participants with either Chinese cultural symbols or American cultural symbols and asked them to play as responders with friends or strangers in the two‐party UG (experiment 1) or in the three‐party UG (experiment 2). Results from the two experiments confirm that Chinese participants accepted unfair offers more often when the offers were made by friends than when the offers were made by strangers. However, the relationship effect was diminished after American cultural priming. These results suggest that American primes can moderate the relationship effect on fairness‐related behaviour in Chinese people. This finding may shed new light on the likelihood of exiting from the heavy reliance on social relationships in Chinese society.     

新冠疫情中医护人员“近身因素”研究——对200例“医护日记”的分析

“近身因素”是在心理弹性研究中提出的一个极具操作性的新概念。研究身处新冠疫情中医护人员心理弹性的问题,必然涉及到“近”(心理距离)和“身”(具身认知)。围绕“近”和“身”的相关理论,运用扎根理论对200例医护日记展开三级编码工作,不仅可以探查出影响医护人员空间、时间和社会层面的近身危险性和保护性因素,还可以从中发现：促进医护人员积极心理的发生,首先,应提高职业认知和职业责任、强调专业和经验分享;其次,应多鼓励医护人员科学主动地改造客观环境,增强情景适应能力;最后,积极鼓励医患进行具身属性的社会性交往。

     

Leader election outcomes as contextual moderators explaining the different frequencies of action-oriented terms and negation terms used in inaugural speeches of effective versus ineffective leaders and charismatic versus non-charismatic leaders: Evidence from 30 U.S. presidents

Psychologists have increasingly employed dictionary-based text analysis to examine the language of leadership, as leadership is embedded in a web of negotiated meanings and contextual factors. This research seeks to embed leaders’ rhetorical influence in leader–follower relationships and identify contextual factors that explain the different patterns of effective versus ineffective leaders’ and charismatic versus non-charismatic leaders’ uses of action-oriented terms and negation terms in their inaugural speeches. By analyzing data of 30 U.S. presidents’ inaugural addresses, presidential election outcomes, and leadership styles, I found that effective leaders used action-oriented terms more frequently in their inaugural speeches than ineffective leaders only when follower participation was low, whereas charismatic leaders used negation terms more frequently in their inaugural speeches than non-charismatic leaders only when follower endorsement was low. These findings suggest that effective leaders are attuned to action-related situational cues whereas charismatic leaders are attuned to value-related situational cues.     

大学生亲密恐惧的图式干预研究

为研究图式治疗对大学生亲密恐惧的临床疗效,以54名有亲密恐惧问题的大学生为被试,采用支持咨询和图式治疗对比的实验研究,对疗效评估的各项指标进行了重复测量(前测、后测和追踪测量)的方差分析。结果表明干预后图式组亲密恐惧以及情感剥夺、缺陷/羞耻、伤害/疾病的易感性、情感抑制等四个适应不良图式都显著低于支持组,而且干预后图式组人际功能和适应功能等两项心理治疗效果评估指标都显著高于支持组。结论:图式治疗比支持支持咨询能更有效地减轻大学生亲密恐惧。     

从技术的思想到技术的伦理学转向--卡尔·米切姆技术哲学思想述评

卡尔·米切姆(C.Mitcham)是美国当代颇具影响的技术哲学家.在技术哲学发展史上,他以工程学的技术哲学和人文主义的技术哲学的划分而著称.工程学的技术哲学主要是对技术的接受和解释,"人文主义的技术哲学主要是洞察技术的意义,即它与超技术事物:技术与文学,伦理学与政治学,宗教,等等的关系."[1]不仅如此,米切姆的技术哲学还涉及到技术哲学的另一个重要方面,也就是技术的伦理转向.     

企业动态能力对企业创业绩效作用的实证研究

研究采用同卷调研方法,对企业的动态能力对创业绩效功进行了实证研究.研究对企业动态能力和企业创业绩效(主要是财务绩效、成长绩效和创新绩效)的影响作用进行了分析,研究发现,企业的动态能力对企业创业绩效能产生积极作用.     

试论医生医疗工作归因

借鉴目前归因理论研究的成果,重点探讨了医生医疗工作归因的含义、结构、作用及方法,提出医生应学会对自己医疗工作中的成败进行合理的归因,自觉地总结经验、汲取教训,不断取得医学事业上的成功.     

我国中小学生学习适应性研究述评

本文在综观同内研究资料的基础上,主要围绕学习适应性的慨念与功能展开理论探讨．同时对我国中小学生学习适应性的发展现状及其培养研究成果进行了概括。     

小学生学习适应问题的整合性教育干预实验研究

运用专题辅导、个别咨询辅导和家庭间接辅导相结合的整合性教育干预模式提高小学生学习适应能力。实验结果表明：(1)整合性教育干预能有效提高小学生的学习适应性整体水平;(2)干预措施对学习适应低水平组学生的促进效果较为显着。