Phase transitions of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at pressures up to 27 GPa

The phase transitions of Zr_41.2Ti_13.8Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5 bulk metallic glass have been investigated under high pressures and at room temperature. Direct resistance measurements in a diamond anvil cell provide evidence of a reversible transition between amorphous and crystalline phases; crystallization events occurred at 24 and 26.2 GPa on uploading, and crystalline-to-amorphous phase transitions were observed at 16 and 10.6 GPa on downloading. The phase transitions were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations.     

不同参数分布形态下GIRM方法和传统GT方法的对比研究

GIRM(Generalizability in Item Response Modeling)是一种将概化理论GT和项目反应理论IRT相结合后计算概化理论中方差分量的一种方法.当GIRM方法下θp和βi的抽样分布与GIRM方法中的MCMC先验分布一致时,GIRM方法对方差分量估计具有较高的准确性.为了进一步检验GIRM方法对IRT参数分布形态的敏感性,研究在将MCMC先验分布固定的情况下,探讨不同IRT参数分布形态下GIRM方法的适用性,并将所得结果与传统GT方法相比较.结果表明:(1)在各种参数分布形态下,采用GIRM方法估计IRT模型的参数是可行的;(2)GIRM方法在被试能力参数为标准正态分布时对σ2(p)估计的准确性高于传统GT方法,但在均匀分布和偏态分布下略差于传统GT方法;(3) GIRM方法在题目难度参数为偏态分布情况下对σ2(i)的估计准确性显著差于传统GT方法;(4)两种方法对于σ2(pie)估计的准确性在任何参数分布形态下都大致相当,优劣并无统一规律.     

集体主义内隐观的访谈和调查研究

在扩充样本的基础上进一步探讨集体主义概念内涵,挖掘“集体”的具体指向,明确“集体”构成.研究一通过40个被试的内隐观访谈和质性分析,得到集体主义概念五个方面内容（集体认同、集体优先、联结信念、责任与义务、发生的条件）,指出“集体”的具体指向为泛集体和关系集体,集体主义程度与冲突情境有关.研究二通过102份问卷调查和聚类分析,得到三类集体,即关系比较亲密集体（由母亲、亲兄弟/姐妹、配偶、好友构成）、关系一般集体（由认识的人、亲戚、同事、邻居构成）和关系疏远集体（由本地陌生人、国外陌生人构成）,并进一步明确了“集体”的具体构成.结论认为：集体主义概念内涵包括集体认同、集体优先、联结信念、责任与义务、发生的条件五个部分;集体主义中的“集体”由泛集体和关系集体构成,其中关系集体又分为关系比较亲密集体和关系一般集体.     

Refining the two‐parameter testlet response model by introducing testlet discrimination parameters

For testlet response data, traditional item response theory (IRT) models are often not appropriate due to local dependence presented among items within a common testlet. Several testlet‐based IRT models have been developed to model examinees' responses. In this paper, a new two‐parameter normal ogive testlet response theory (2PNOTRT) model for dichotomous items is proposed by introducing testlet discrimination parameters. A Bayesian model parameter estimation approach via a data augmentation scheme is developed. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed 2PNOTRT model. The results indicated that the estimation of item parameters is satisfactory overall from the viewpoint of convergence. Finally, the proposed 2PNOTRT model is applied to a set of real testlet data.     

Urban residents' subtle prejudice towards rural‐to‐urban migrants in China: The role of socioeconomic status and adaptation styles

The household registration system (Hukou) implemented by the Chinese government divides the Chinese society into two groups: urban residents and rural residents. Since the 1980s, millions of rural residents have migrated to cities without official permission. In this paper, we investigate urban residents' subtle prejudice towards rural‐to‐urban migrants. Specifically, the impacts of urban residents' socioeconomic status (SES) and their perception of migrants' adaptation styles are examined. A sample including 457 Chinese urban residents is taken from four cities in China. Educational and occupational levels are used to indicate urban residents' SES. Four adaptation styles (integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization) are manipulated by using vignettes. The results show that SES has a negative impact on urban residents' subtle prejudice. This link is further moderated by urban residents' perceptions of migrants' adaptations: the negative effect of SES on subtle prejudice holds only under a perception of integration or assimilation and disappears under a perception of separation or marginalization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ceci n'est pas la mort: Evidence for the recruitment of self‐reference from surrealistic art under mortality salience

Previous research has demonstrated that death reminders influence how we perceive art. In the context of terror management theory, this has been explained by the death‐transcending quality of art to convey cultural meaning. In two studies, we examined psychological and neurocognitive responses to naturalistic and surrealistic art when death was primed. We found that naturalistic paintings were evaluated similarly in terms of personal reassurance in both mortality salience and control condition, whereas surrealistic paintings were evaluated as more reassuring in the mortality salience condition than in the control condition. Using high‐field functional magnetic resonance imaging in a second study, we found a similar pattern of results, showing specific activation in the precuneus, a brain area associated with self‐related operations, in all prime conditions for the viewing of naturalistic paintings, but only in the death and disgust prime conditions when viewing surrealistic paintings. Our results suggest motivated self‐reference when viewing both naturalistic and surrealistic artworks under mortality salience. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“孤芳自赏”还是“茕茕孑立”:儿童社交淡漠适应功能的文化差异

社会退缩行为是指在社会情境中,儿童不参与社会互动并频繁表现出独自消遣的行为。社会退缩有多种亚类型,其中社交淡漠指儿童仅仅喜欢一个人独处,对社会互动没有兴趣。有趣的是,社交淡漠的适应功能存在一定的文化差异,主要表现为:社交淡漠行为在个人主义文化中较少产生适应困难,在心理与情绪适应方面尤为明显;但其在集体主义文化里却会引起多方面的适应困难。这种差异可能与文化价值观的内涵有关,也可能与特定国情有关。未来的研究亟需提高研究方法的多面性,关注年龄与文化的交互作用,进行直接的跨文化比较,探索与文化相关的风险与保护因子,以及关注互联网环境的影响。     

Fairness‐related behaviour modulation by friendship is moderated by American primes in Chinese participants

Empirical studies from the fields of psychology and behavioural economics indicate that people do not like being treated unfairly and may punish those who violate the norm, even at a cost to themselves. Recent research has emphasized the relationship effect on fairness‐related behaviour but has shown conflicting results and has not focused much on the characteristics of culture. This study used the cultural priming paradigm and the Ultimatum Game (UG) to explore whether cultural primes could moderate the relationship effect on fairness‐related decision making. We primed Chinese participants with either Chinese cultural symbols or American cultural symbols and asked them to play as responders with friends or strangers in the two‐party UG (experiment 1) or in the three‐party UG (experiment 2). Results from the two experiments confirm that Chinese participants accepted unfair offers more often when the offers were made by friends than when the offers were made by strangers. However, the relationship effect was diminished after American cultural priming. These results suggest that American primes can moderate the relationship effect on fairness‐related behaviour in Chinese people. This finding may shed new light on the likelihood of exiting from the heavy reliance on social relationships in Chinese society.     

从技术的思想到技术的伦理学转向--卡尔·米切姆技术哲学思想述评

卡尔·米切姆(C.Mitcham)是美国当代颇具影响的技术哲学家.在技术哲学发展史上,他以工程学的技术哲学和人文主义的技术哲学的划分而著称.工程学的技术哲学主要是对技术的接受和解释,"人文主义的技术哲学主要是洞察技术的意义,即它与超技术事物:技术与文学,伦理学与政治学,宗教,等等的关系."[1]不仅如此,米切姆的技术哲学还涉及到技术哲学的另一个重要方面,也就是技术的伦理转向.